Retraction Notice: An Outlook on Ovarian Cancer and Borderline Ovarian Tumors: Focus on Genomic and Proteomic Findings

Abstract

Among the gynaecological malignancies, ovarian cancer is one of the neoplastic forms with the poorest prognosis and with the bad overall and disease-free survival rates than other gynaecological cancers. Ovarian tumors can be classified on the basis of the cells of origin in epithelial, stromal and germ cell tumors. Epithelial ovarian tumors display great histological heterogeneity and can be further subdivided into benign, intermediate or borderline, and invasive tumors. Several studies on ovarian tumors, have focused on the identification of both diagnostic and prognostic markers for applications in clinical practice. High-throughput technologies have accelerated the process of biomolecular study and genomic discovery; unfortunately, validity of these should be still demonstrated by extensive researches on sensibility and sensitivity of ovarian cancer novel biomarkers, determining whether gene profiling and proteomics could help differentiate between patients with metastatic ovarian cancer and primary ovarian carcinomas, and their potential impact on management. Therefore, considerable interest lies in identifying molecular and protein biomarkers and indicators to guide treatment decisions and clinical follow up. In this review, the current state of knowledge about the genoproteomic and potential clinical value of gene expression profiling in ovarian cancer and ovarian borderline tumors is discussed, focusing on three main areas: distinguishing normal ovarian tissue from ovarian cancers and borderline tumors, identifying different genotypes of ovarian tissue and identifying proteins linked to cancer or tumor development. By these targets, authors focus on the use of novel molecules, developed on the proteomics and genomics researches, as potential protein biomarkers in the management of ovarian cancer or borderline tumor, overlooking on current state of the art and on future perspectives of researches.

Nuclear localization of phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2 as markers for the progression of ovarian cancer

“…The neoplastic transformation is probably triggered also by other molecular events as mutation of BRCA1, 2, 3, KRAS, mutated p53, Ki67 and others (reviewed in refs. 2,3,17,18,[20][21][22]35), but it seems clear that phosphorylation of ERK1/2 is one of the early events and may assist in the early diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer, which is the most lethal gynecological cancer in women (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)53). It was recently demonstrated using proteomics that there is only a slight elevation of pERK1/2 at the 4 different stages of ovarian carcinomas (53).…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. It is subdivided according to the pathological appearance and molecular markers to four groups: serous-adenocarcinomas comprises 80% of the cancer and the rest are mucinous carcinomas, endometrioid carcinomas and clear cell carcinomas (reviewed in refs.…”

“…It is subdivided according to the pathological appearance and molecular markers to four groups: serous-adenocarcinomas comprises 80% of the cancer and the rest are mucinous carcinomas, endometrioid carcinomas and clear cell carcinomas (reviewed in refs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Earlier it was reported that about 12-13% of total ovarian carcinomas are mucinous carcinomas, but recently, using new molecular markers, it was considered as only 2-3% of total ovarian carcinomas (16).…”

“…The prognosis of clear cell carcinomas and endometrioid carcinomas was 21.3 and 50.9 months, respectively (reviewed in refs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Primary mucinous ovarian carcinomas have a sign frequently of higher prevalence of KRAS mutations and lower frequency of BRCA and p53 abnormalities (16,22,24).…”

Epiregulin as a marker for the initial steps of ovarian cancer development

“…Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer in women because early detection is extremely difficult (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) and because it is resistant to most chemotherapic drugs (15)(16)(17). The average lifespan after detection is 40.8 months for serous cancer, 21.3 months for clear cell carcinomas, 17.6 months for mucinous carcinomas and 50.9 months for endometrioid ovarian carcinomas (11).…”