Retractosomes: small extracellular vesicles generated from broken-off retraction fibers

Wang, Yizheng; Gao, Shuaixin; Liu, Yuheng; Wang, Dongju; Liu, Boqi; Jiang, Dong; Wong, Catherine C. L.; Chen, Yang; Yu, Li

doi:10.1038/s41422-022-00666-2

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Based on SEM analysis, we considered that these vesicles might come from the process of migrasomes formation, which was confirmed later by subsequent evidence: (a) we observed that a large number of small membrane vesicles were left at the distal end of the retraction fibres, and these vesicles were distributed similar to a string of beads, either individually or connected together; (b) when migrasomes were released, they could self-rupture to release the independent vesicles contained in it; and (c) migrasomes attached to the retraction fibres could secrete vesicles in a way similar to cell membrane budding. Unexpectedly, our first finding was completely consistent with the latest reported by Wang et al [11], such that the break up of retraction fibres could result in beaded vesicles instead of cell fragments. In addition, our findings indirectly explain the previous report about the morphological characteristics of EVs containing one or more vesicles [12], which may be largely related to our second discovery that, when vesicles are secreted by the migrasomes in a budding way, this may wrap the internal independent vesicles.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicle‐like nanoparticles derived from migrasomes

Zhao

et al. 2023

The FEBS Journal

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Migrasomes comprise a recently identified unique type of extracellular vesicle (EV) containing varying numbers of small vesicles. However, the final fate of these small vesicles is still unclear. Here, we report the discovery of EV‐like migrasome‐derived nanoparticles (MDNPs) that are produced by migrasomes releasing internal vesicles via self‐rupture and through a process similar to cell plasma membrane budding. Our results demonstrate that MDNPs have a membrane structure with a typical round‐shaped morphology and have the characteristic markers of migrasomes, but do not present the markers of EVs from the cell culture supernatant. More importantly, we also show that MDNPs are loaded with a large number of microRNAs different from those found in migrasomes and EVs. Our results provide evidence that migrasomes can produce EV‐like nanoparticles. These findings have important implications for understanding the unknown biological functions of migrasomes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Obviously, we isolated the MDNPs and not the migrasomes. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that MDNPs expressed the characteristic markers of migrasomes, but did not express the markers TSG101and ALIX of EVs, thus concurring with previous reports [11]. Of note, PIGK is highly expressed in MDNPs compared to migrasomes and EVs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicle‐like nanoparticles derived from migrasomes

Zhao

et al. 2023

The FEBS Journal

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“…Retractosome is recently reported as a newly discovered extracellular organelle that is closely related to cell migrations [42]. Since uninterrupted cell migrations can be continuously imaged benefiting from DeepSeMi-enabled low-phototoxicity, high-SNR, and long-term recording ability, pronounced retractosomes were recognized which were transformed from broken-off retraction fibers (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-friendly long-term subcellular dynamic recording by self-supervised image enhancement microscopy

Zhang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Fluorescence microscopy has become an indispensable tool for revealing the dynamic regulations of cells and organelles in high resolution noninvasively. However, stochastic noise inherently restricts the upper bonds of optical interrogation quality and exacerbates the observation fidelity in encountering joint demand of high frame rate, long-term, and low photobleaching and phototoxicity. Here, we propose DeepSeMi, a self-supervised-learning-based denoising framework capable of increasing SNR by over 12 dB across various conditions. With the introduction of newly designed eccentric blind-spot convolution filters, DeepSeMi accomplished efficacious denoising requiring no clean data as references and no compromise of spatiotemporal resolution on diverse imaging systems. The computationally 15-fold multiplied photon budget in a standard confocal microscope by DeepSeMi allows for recording organelle interactions in four colors and high-frame-rate across tens of thousands of frames, monitoring migrasomes and retractosomes over a half day, and imaging ultra-phototoxicity-sensitive Dictyostelium cells over thousands of frames, all faithfully and sample-friendly. Through comprehensive validations across various cells and species over various instruments, we prove DeepSeMi is a versatile tool for reliably and bio-friendly breaking the shot-noise limit, facilitating automated analysis of massive data about cell migrations and organelle interactions.

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“…As such, it has been established that migrasomes play an important role in the development of organisms, and the investigation of their function in vivo will enhance interest regarding their role in other fields of research. Recently, it has been demonstrated in neutrophils that mild mitochondrial stress leads to the incorporation of damaged mitochondria into the migrasomes, in a process called “mitocytosis.” (Jiao et al, 2021) Simultaneously, interest in RF, which was only considered a pathway to construct the migrasome, is being highlighted (Wang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, it has been demonstrated in neutrophils 4 that mild mitochondrial stress leads to the incorporation of damaged mitochondria into the migrasomes, in a process called "mitocytosis." (Jiao et al, 2021) Simultaneously, interest in RF, which was only considered a pathway to construct the migrasome, is being highlighted (Wang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-relief function of migrasomal autophagosome formed by inhibition of autophagosome/lysosome fusion

Lee

Choi

Ahn

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Glioblastoma (GBM) is more difficult to treat than other intractable adult tumors. Here, we describe the composition and function of migrasomes generated along with GBM cell migration. Proteomic analysis revealed that LC3B-positive autophagosomes were abundant in the migrasomes of GBM cells. An increased number of migrasomes was observed following treatment with chloroquine (CQ) or inhibition of the expression of STX17 and SNAP29, which are involved in autophagosome/lysosome fusion. Although ATG7 ablation, which is involved in LC3B lipidation, did not suppress migrasome formation, it was confirmed that migrasome formation could be diminished by blocking the alternative autophagy pathway through double knockout of ATG7/BECN1. Furthermore, depletion of ITGA5 or TSPAN4 did not relieve endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cells, resulting in cell death. Taken together, our study suggests that increasing the number of autophagosomes, through inhibition of autophagosome/lysosome fusion, generates migrasomes that have the capacity to alleviate cellular stress.

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Retractosomes: small extracellular vesicles generated from broken-off retraction fibers

Cited by 20 publications

References 9 publications

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicle‐like nanoparticles derived from migrasomes

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicle‐like nanoparticles derived from migrasomes

Bio-friendly long-term subcellular dynamic recording by self-supervised image enhancement microscopy

Stress-relief function of migrasomal autophagosome formed by inhibition of autophagosome/lysosome fusion

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