“…Water quality is the greatest concern in the Mississippi and Saint Lawrence River basins (Hudon et al, 2017;Turner, 2023;Vaudreuil et al, 2024). The Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Columbia River basins show a greater emphasis on precipitation and runoff (Bürger et al, 2011;Forbes et al, 2019;Hu et al, 2023;Wu et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2019), while ecological issues such as drought and deforestation are key topics in the Colorado River and Amazon River basins, respectively (Silva et al, 2021;Spracklen & Garcia-Carreras, 2015;Udall & Overpeck, 2017). The Danube River and Ganges River basins are particularly concerned with the development and application of GIS and remote sensing technologies (Aman & Chu, 2023;Bechter et al, 2018;Hasan & Rai, 2020;Hirpa et al, 2013;Pecar-Ilic & Ruzic, 2006), while floodplain and groundwater are focal points in the Paraná River and Elbe River basins, respectively (Abrial et al, 2021;Morais et al, 2016;Zill et al, 2023).…”