Retrieving Information from Korsakoff Patients Effects of Categorical Cues and Reference to the Task

Gardner, Howard; Boller, François; Moreines, Judith; Butters, Nelson

doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(73)80025-5

Cited by 95 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, there are several reasons to think that a contamination by explicit retrieval did not occur in the present experiment. First, the implicit nature of the tests employed is supported by findings of preserved priming in amnesic patients (e.g., Gardner, Boller, Moreines, & Butters, 1973;Graf, Shimamura, & Squire, 1985;Shimamura & Squire, 1984). Second, unlike what could be expected in explicit cued-recall performance, priming in these tests was not affected by the strength of the cue-target relation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

A dissociation between two implicit conceptual tests supports the distinction between types of conceptual processing

Cabeza

1994

Psychon Bull Rev

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Subjects studied words in a classification task (to what categories does it belong?) or in a production task (producing associates to the word) and then completed one of two implicit memory tests-category association or free association. The classification study task and the categoryassociation test emphasize categorical relations between concepts, and the production study task and the free-association test draw on associative relations. As predicted by the transfer-appropriate processing principle, priming in the category-association test was larger for words studied under the classification task than for those studied under the production task, whereas the opposite was true in the free-association test. This crossover dissociation is the first obtained between two implicit conceptual tests, and it provides support for the claim that it is necessary to distinguish between different types of conceptual processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

A dissociation between two implicit conceptual tests supports the distinction between types of conceptual processing

Cabeza

1994

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…First, the abnormal patterns of conceptual transfer on the category production and general knowledge question tasks ap-pear at first glance to be at odds with those reported elsewhere in which amnesic subjects have normal patterns of performance on category production tests (e.g., J. Gabrieli, personal communication, 1991;Gardner et al, 1973;, Experiment 2; but see Shimamura & Squire, 1989). However, the designs in those studies did not permit examination of differential transfer in memory paradigms as a function of study condition since no study manipulations were employed (other than the comparison between studied and nonstudied items.)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Previous studies testing memory-impaired subjects have sometimes shown that they perform normally on category production (e.g., J. Gabrieli, personal communication, 1991;Gardner et al, 1973;Grafet al, 1985, Experiment 2). Given results such as these, it is important to establish whether the particular memory-impaired subject group tested in the present set of experiments would show similar patterns of results on category production.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The most serious problem for these processing accounts of memory deficits is that there are other experiments testing amnesic subjects that show intact performance on tests that are more conceptually driven (e.g., Gardner, Boller, Moreines, & Butters, 1973;McAndrews, Glisky, & Schacter, 1987). For example, Graf et al (1985, Experiment 2) reported that amnesic subjects showed as much transfer as did healthy and alcoholic controls on a conceptually driven test of word production given category labels as cues.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Dissociations among memory measures in memory-impaired subjects: Evidence for a processing account of memory

1992

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Deficits in conceptual transfer on both implicit and explicit memory tests were obtained for memory-impaired temporal lobe epileptic (TLE) subjects in three studies. In Experiment 1, in which a generate-read paradigm was employed, memory-impaired TLEs failed to show normal generation effects on conceptually driven tests of semantic cued recall and general knowledge questions, although their data-driven memory as measured by word-fragment completion and graphemic cued recall tasks was normal. In Experiment 2, memory-impaired patients having left temporal lobe seizure foci were tested on these four tasks and compared with nonimpaired TLEs having right temporal foci. The left TLEs showed deficits on conceptually driven tasks and normal memory for data-driven tests. These findings were extended in Experiment 3, in which left TLE patients failed to show any benefit from blocked study, as compared with random study, on category production and semantic cued-recall tests, although right TLEs and normal controls showed blocking effects on both tasks. These findings may be accommodated by a processing framework of memory in which memory-impaired patients are characterized as having deficits in conceptual, but not in data-driven, processing capabilities.

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“…For example, in the category exemplar generation (CEG) test, participants study uncommon category exemplars (e.g. plum) and subsequently receive instructions to generate members of a particular category, such as fruit [12]. Priming is evident when participants generate studied exemplars at above-chance levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: estrogen effects in young women

2002

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Evidence that ovarian steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone affect cognition comes from studies of memory in older women receiving estrogen replacement therapy and studies of sexually dimorphic skills in young women across the menstrual cycle. Sixteen women (ages 18-28) completed tests of memory (implicit category exemplar generation, category-cued recall, implicit fragmented object identification) and sexually dimorphic skills (fine motor coordination, verbal fluency, mental rotations) at the early follicular (low estrogen and progesterone) and midluteal (high estrogen and progesterone) phases of the menstrual cycle. Performance on category exemplar generation, a test of conceptual implicit memory, was better at the midluteal than the follicular phase. In contrast, performance on a test of explicit memory, category-cued recall, did not vary across the menstrual cycle. At Session 1, women in the follicular phase performed better on the fragmented object identification task than did those in the midluteal phase. This unexpected finding suggests that high levels of ovarian hormones might inhibit perceptual object priming. Results confirmed previous reports of decreased mental rotations and improved motor skills and fluency in the midluteal phase. Estradiol levels correlated positively with verbal fluency and negatively with mental rotations and perceptual priming, which suggest that estrogen, and not progesterone, was responsible for the observed changes in cognition. Mood did not vary across the cycle phases. Overall, the findings suggest that estrogen may facilitate the automatic activation of verbal representations in memory.

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Retrieving Information from Korsakoff Patients Effects of Categorical Cues and Reference to the Task

Cited by 95 publications

References 13 publications

A dissociation between two implicit conceptual tests supports the distinction between types of conceptual processing

A dissociation between two implicit conceptual tests supports the distinction between types of conceptual processing

Dissociations among memory measures in memory-impaired subjects: Evidence for a processing account of memory

Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: estrogen effects in young women

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