Retrograde Amnesia in Petit Mal

Jus, Andrzej

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1962.01710200055007

Cited by 33 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In the varying degrees of impairment that were reported, the most difficult tasks were more likely to be interrupted by spike-wave than the simple ones. Jus and Jus (1962) found that the mean duration of retrograde amnesia associated with spike-wave absence attacks varied from 4 to 15 sec. However, no retrograde amnesia was associated with attacks lasting 1-2 sec or less.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Paroxysmal Spike‐Wave on Continuous Visual‐Motor Performance

1970

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a few had been referred to the Department of Neurology of the University of Virginia. All patients were having clinical absence attacks with generalized spike-wave activity during routine electroencephalography. Most of the patients had several electroencephalograms and none revealed focal discharge. They were 7-19 years old, and none was retarded. One child, for whom no IQ score was available, was thought to have borderline subnormal intelligence but he had no difficulty with the pursuit-rotor task.A photoelectric rotary pursuit apparatus**, requiring the subject to follow with a pointer an illuminated target moving in a circular track, was used in all experiments. Output from the photoelectric cell was connected to one channel of a standard EEG apparatus to give a marking signal whenever the patient's pointer was off-target. Each testing session was video-recorded with a close-up of the subject's face, three channels from the electroencephalograph (one for the marking of signal from the photoelectric cell), and a full-body view of the patient, who was standing to operate the pursuit-rotor ( Fig. 1).To familiarize each patient with the apparatus and to reduce fluctuations in performance caused by learning, five 3-min practice periods were carried out prior to recording. Each patient was then allowed a recess. The electrodes were then applied and the cameras aimed. Use of the pursuit-rotor was divided into 7 periods of 3 min of continuous performance alternating with 2 min of rest. The patients were encouraged to inform the examiner if they became fatigued, and the periods of performance were shortened and the periods for rest were lengthened. The velocity of the target was set during the last practice period so that about one error occurred every 10 sec. However, several subjects were quite poor performers, and this level of performance was not always attained. Methods of analysis were used to account for this variation, since each patient's performance during spike-wave activity was compared to his performance when the EEG record was normal.If a clinically observable seizure occurred during testing, nothing was said to the patient, and he was allowed to resume his performance spontaneously without clues from the examiner.All EEG abnormalities were delineated and checked against the video-taped record to eliminate abnormalities due to artifact and to oderve any clinical accompaniment. Three types of analysis were used. First, the proportion of time in errors during spikewave was compared to the proportion of time in errors when the EEG was normal. Errors in performance during the EEG paroxysms (error B in Fig. 2) were counted, A pilot study consisting of 4 clinical centers (New England

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Paroxysmal Spike‐Wave on Continuous Visual‐Motor Performance

1970

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“…Others have been unable to demonstrate TCI during such discharges (Milstein and Stevens, 1961;Prechtl et al, 1961). Various authors, notably Tizard and Margerison (1963a) and Mirsky and Van Buren (1965), have demonstrated that some tests are more sensitive to the effects of epileptiform activity than others: simple motor tasks such as rhythmic tapping, simple reaction time, or tracking, are relatively little affected by generalized spike-wave activity (Schwab, 1941;Cornil et al, 1951;Shimazono et al, 1953;Yeager and Guerrant, 1957;Tuvo, 1958;Hauser, 1960;Tizard and Margerison, 1963a;Davidoff and Johnson, 1964;Grisell et al, 1964;Mirsky and Van Buren, 1965;Chatrian et al, 1970;Goode et al, 1970;Porter et al, 1973;Browne et al, 1974), whereas choice reaction time (Tizard and Margerison, 1963*;Sellden, 1971;Hutt et al, 1977), signal detection (Tizard and Margerison, 1963a;Mirsky and Van Buren, 1965;Hutt et al, 1976) and short-term memory tasks (Shimazono et al, 1953;Jus and Jus, 1962;GellerandGeller, 1970;Hutt, 1972;Hutt and Gilbert, 1980) are more sensitive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Cognitive Impairment During Focal and Generalized Epileptiform Eeg Activity

Aarts¹,

Binnie²,

Smit³

et al. 1984

Brain

499

325

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It is well established that generalized epileptiform EEG discharges unaccompanied by overt clinical change may nevertheless be associated with transitory cognitive impairment (TCI) detectable by appropriate psychological testing. However, the tests employed in most research studies of this phenomenon are of little use for routine clinical application. They are suitable for administration only over short periods of time and are therefore applicable only to patients with a high discharge rate, a serious limitation, as the discharges are generally depressed by the tests themselves. We have developed two short-term memory tasks, one using verbal, the other nonverbal material presented in the form of television games which patients are generally prepared to perform for up to an hour or longer. Forty-six patients with subclinical EEG discharges have been studied. They were screened by video monitoring before and during testing to exclude any with overt clinical changes during the discharges. Despite this rigorous selection, in 50 per cent TCI was demonstrable with a confidence level (within the individual patient) of 10 per cent. Discharges during stimulus presentation were most disruptive of performance and those confined to the period when the patient was responding were without demonstrable effect. A significant association was found between the laterality of focal or asymmetrical generalized discharges and impairment of one or other task, left-sided discharges being associated with errors in the verbal task and right-sided with impairment of the nonverbal test. Two case histories are cited illustrating patients who were clearly handicapped by TCI and whose functioning improved when the subclinical discharges were suppressed by medication. To determine how many patients suffer such disabilities or can be helped by appropriate medication, further prospective studies are required.

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“…Although many studies have reported transitory involvement of attention and memory when a subclinical diffuse epileptiform discharge occurs (Schwab, 1947;Shimazono et al, 1953;Kooi and Hovey, 1957;Jus and Jus, 1962;Davidoff and Johnson, 1964;Grisell et al, 1964;Geller and Geller, 1970;Goode et al, 1970;Hutt and Fairweather, 1973;Porter et al, 1973;Delgado-Escueta, 1979), few studies have excluded patients exhibiting overt seizures during the investigation (Hutt and Gilbert, 1980;Aarts et al, 1984;Binnie et al, 1987;Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenitt et al, 1988). According to the observations of Tizard and Margerison (1963) and Goode et al (1970) that the probability of detecting a cognitive deficit decreases with the shortening of the discharge, few studies take into account paroxysms of <3 s duration (Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite et al, 1987; Siebelink et al, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition Impairment Correlated with Short Bisynchronous Epileptic Discharges

et al. 1991

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The occurrence of transitory cognitive impairment during diffuse subclinical electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges has been widely documented but the role of the parameters influencing the cognitive performance and the involvement of motor or verbal response in the tasks used is still under debate. Fifteen patients suffering from primary generalized epilepsy with frequent bisynchronous EEG epileptic bursts underwent a shape recognition task during EEG monitoring. The test sequence was as follows: memorandum, pause, and multiple choice set. After pressing the response button, the patient was asked to confirm the choice verbally. The following parameters were considered: geometrical complexity of the shape, chronological position of the burst occurring during the single test, and the duration of discharge ranging from 1 to 3 s. Results showed a significant increase in incorrect responses during the test when discharges occurred, with more errors occurring for difficult than for easy shapes. Neither the discharge position nor the duration of the epileptic burst influenced the performance. Diffuse epileptic activity of short duration produced selective effects on the cognitive process regardless of the motor component of the response.

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Retrograde Amnesia in Petit Mal

Cited by 33 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of Paroxysmal Spike‐Wave on Continuous Visual‐Motor Performance

Effects of Paroxysmal Spike‐Wave on Continuous Visual‐Motor Performance

Selective Cognitive Impairment During Focal and Generalized Epileptiform Eeg Activity

Recognition Impairment Correlated with Short Bisynchronous Epileptic Discharges

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