Retrograde amnesia: Storage failure versus retrieval failure.

Gold, Paul E.; King, Richard A.

doi:10.1037/h0036949

Cited by 103 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Some researchers (see Gold and King 1974), however, have argued that reminder effects are not inconsistent with traditional consolidation theory. They take the view that the previously described residual memories are reactivated by the reminder stimuli and new learning results from the conjoint activation of the reactivated (old/weak) memories and the neural representation of the reminder stimuli (which typically are selected to avoid any physical pairing of the two associates constituting the target memory).…”

Section: Accounts Of Experimental Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, reminder effects suggest that amnestic agents do not interfere with consolidation of the central dyadic relationship between the CS and US. In defense of the consolidation view of experimental amnesia, Gold and King (1974) have argued that, although reminder treatments do not alter behavior in naive animals, they do enhance performance with weakly performing subjects (sometimes misidentified as weakly trained subjects). That is, they argue that reminder treatments seem to enhance performance even when there is no impairment.…”

Section: Learning and Memory 493mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Miller

Matzel²

2006

Learn. Mem.

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For at least 40 years, there has been a recurring argument concerning the nature of experimental amnesia, with one side arguing that amnesic treatments interfere with the formation of enduring memories and the other side arguing that these treatments interfere with the expression of memories that were effectively encoded. The argument appears to stem from a combination of (1) unclear definitions and (2) real differences in the theoretical vantages that underlie the interpretation of relevant data. Here we speak to how the field might avoid arguments that are definitional in nature and how various hypotheses fare in light of published data. Existing but often overlooked data favor very rapid (milliseconds) synaptic consolidation, with experimental amnesia reflecting, at least in part, deficits in retrieval rather than in the initial storage of information.As most commonly conceived, "memory consolidation" refers uniquely to the processes by which newly acquired information, which is initially represented in ongoing synaptic transmission, comes over time to be encoded in a format that was independent of ongoing activity (and thus sensory stimulation) (Müller and Pilzecker 1900;McGaugh 1966). Fundamental to consolidation theory as it was originally formulated is that there were dual representational systems, one dependent upon ongoing neural transmission and the other dependent on enduring (i.e., structural/molecular) changes in the nervous system (e.g., pathway synthesis, facilitation of transmitter release, potentiation of sensitivity to transmitter binding, enhancement of membrane excitability) (for a review, see Matzel et al. 1998). Presumably there was a sequential dependence of the latter process (consolidation) on the former process (see Hebb 1949). Today it is widely recognized that there are a number of different molecular-structural representations that may be formed during memory storage, and that these representations become stable (i.e., "encoded") at very different rates and are dependent on different neuroanatomical sites (see Gibbs and Ng 1977;McGaugh 2000). This conceptualization of the consolidation process is often referred to as "system consolidation," although it should be noted that these different structural-molecular representations need not be sequentially linked (see Tully et al. 1994). Much recent attention has been devoted to system consolidation, which is relatively slow and measured in hours, days, or even months (see Kim and Fanselow 1992), as opposed to the earlier but still not fully answered questions of initial consolidation, which is generally assumed to occur in seconds or minutes. Although careless use of language has resulted in some confusion between these two related but different types of consolidation, some researchers distinguish them by using the expression "synaptic consolidation" (or "short-term molecular consolidation") for initial consolidation, which they differentiate from system consolidation (Nadel and Moscovitch 1997; Nader et al. 2000b;Dudai 2004). The focus of...

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Section: Accounts Of Experimental Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Learning and Memory 493mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Miller

Matzel²

2006

Learn. Mem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Critical-differences tests (Lindquist, 1956) were used to compare the individual treatment conditions. These tests showed that the ECS-NR animals had significantly Contrary to the argument of Gold and King (1974), it is possible, apparently, to alleviate such amnesia without supplying an animal with additional information that is compatible with prior learning. In the absence of such additional compatible information, a storage failure hypothesis would have to predict that ECSinduced amnesia should be permanent.…”

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…However, Gold and King (1974) suggest that it is the combination of these factors that produces improved retention in ECS-treated animals. Thus, according to this interpretation, ECS produces a partial loss of information from storage, but the lost information is replaced by compatible information acquired during the reminder treatment.…”

Section: Gordon and Mowrermentioning

confidence: 99%

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An extinction trial as a reminder treatment following electroconvulsive shock

Gordon

Mowrer

1980

Animal Learning & Behavior

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The effect of multiple reminders on long‐term retention in human infants

Hayne

1990

Developmental Psychobiology

102

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The present series of experiments compared the effects of single- and multiple-reminder procedures on the long-term memory of 3-month-old human infants. Subjects were trained in the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm, and the reminder treatment was a brief, noncontingent exposure to the moving mobile. In Experiment 1, independent groups received one or two reminder treatments during the 3 weeks following the conclusion of training. Independent groups were tested 1, 3, 7, 14, or 22 days following the last (or only) reminder (i.e., 21-42 days after the end of training). Although retention was equivalent 1 day after one or two reminder treatments, subsequent retention was significantly prolonged by the second reminder treatment: infants receiving a single reminder treatment demonstrated no evidence of retention 7 days after the reminder, but infants receiving two reminder treatments demonstrated perfect retention as long as 14 days later. In Experiment 2, retention was observed 14 days after two reminder treatments irrespective of whether the treatments were presented during the first and second or the third and fourth weeks following the conclusion of training. In Experiment 3, the effect of three reminder treatments on retention was examined. Although retention was excellent when infants were tested 1 day after the third reminder, retention after longer intervals was no better than that observed after a single reminder treatment.

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Retrograde amnesia: Storage failure versus retrieval failure.

Abstract: dence which suggests that the results of these studies may have little bearing on memory consolidation issues.

Cited by 103 publications

References 24 publications

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

An extinction trial as a reminder treatment following electroconvulsive shock

The effect of multiple reminders on long‐term retention in human infants

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