Retrograde axonal transport of a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate in aplysia californica

Kistler, Henry B.; Schwartz, James H.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90094-4

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the cerebral ganglion, the following pattern was observed ( Fig. 14): 1) CC8 projected to the contralateral AT and/or ULAB (n ϭ 14), 2) serotonergic neurons in the CG cluster projected mainly to AT and ULAB (n ϭ 6), and in one preparation, into another nerve that we could not identify, 3) the metacerebral cells projected to the cerebral-buccal connective (n ϭ 3), as previously described by other authors (Kistler and Schwartz 1982;Weiss et al 1978), and 4) CC3/CB1 projected to both cerebral-pleural connective (n ϭ 9), as described by other authors (Mackey et al 1989; McPherson and Blankenship 1991b; Wright et al 1995; Xin et al 2001). The ability of CC3s (CB1s) to produce slow monosynaptic EPSPs in the abdominal and pedal ganglia, together with data from previous studies (Mackey et al 1989;McPherson and Blankenship 1991b;Xin et al 2001), indicates that these neurons project to the pleural, pedal, and abdominal ganglia (Fig.…”

Section: Cartography Of Major Serotonergic Projectionssupporting

confidence: 73%

Serotonergic Modulation in Aplysia. I. Distributed Serotonergic Network Persistently Activated by Sensitizing Stimuli

Marinesco

Kolkman

Carew

2004

Journal of Neurophysiology

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A common feature of arousing stimuli used as reinforcement in animal models of learning is that they promote memory formation through widespread effects in the CNS. In the marine mollusk Aplysia, sensitization is typically induced by tail-shock, an aversive reinforcer that triggers a state of defensive arousal characterized by escape locomotion and increased heart rate. Serotonin (5-HT) contributes importantly to sensitization of defensive reflexes as well as to the regulation of locomotion and heart rate. Although specific serotonergic neurons increase their firing after tail-shock, it remains unclear whether this effect is restricted to these neurons or whether tail-shock recruits a more global serotonergic system. In this study, we recorded from serotonergic neurons throughout the CNS, which were prelabeled with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, during an in vitro analog of sensitization training, tail-nerve shock. We found that most of the serotonergic neurons that we recorded from (80%) increased their firing rate for several minutes after nerve shock. Most serotonergic neurons in the pedal and abdominal ganglion were also excited by 5-HT and by intracellular activation of the two serotonergic neurons CB1/CC3. This interconnectivity between serotonergic neurons might contribute to spread excitation within a large proportion of the serotonergic system during sensitization training. It is also possible that serotonergic neurons could be activated by 5-HT present in the hemolymph via a neuro-humoral positive feedback mechanism. Overall, these data indicate that sensitization training activates a large proportion of Aplysia serotonergic neurons and that this form of learning occurs in a context of increased serotonergic tone.

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Section: Cartography Of Major Serotonergic Projectionssupporting

confidence: 73%

Serotonergic Modulation in Aplysia. I. Distributed Serotonergic Network Persistently Activated by Sensitizing Stimuli

Marinesco

Kolkman

Carew

2004

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…This argues against the construct gaining access to the transport machinery by endocytosis. In addition, material that is endocytosed into Aplysia axons and transported to the cell body is found in lysosomes and Golgi-derived vesicles, and not the nucleus (Kistler and Schwartz, 1982). At first we thought that terminal swellings might be specialized for transport, but in three instances we succeeded in injecting the axon directly and found, as before, that the rHSA-sp was transported back to the nucleus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

A signal sequence mediates the retrograde transport of proteins from the axon periphery to the cell body and then into the nucleus

et al. 1992

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The presynaptic terminal and axon of neurons can undergo structural changes in response to environmental signals. Since these changes require protein synthesis in the cell body, the needs of the periphery must somehow be communicated to the cell soma. To look for such a mechanism, we used artificial protein constructs with properties expected of a signal that is transported from the axon to the nucleus. One construct consisted of the nuclear import signal peptide (sp) of the SV40 large T antigen, coupled to human serum albumin (HSA) and rhodamine (r). When injected into the axoplasm of Aplysia californica neurons in vitro, the rHSA-sp was transported in the retrograde direction through the axon to the cell body and then into the nucleus. Little, if any, moved in the anterograde direction toward growth cones. The retrograde movement of injected rHSA-sp was rapid (greater than 25 mm/d) and depended upon intact microtubules. The sp portion of rHSA-sp provided access to both the retrograde transport system and the nuclear import apparatus. Thus, rHSA was not transported at all, but accumulated in organelles near the injection site. Also, rHSA-sp containing an sp with a Lys to Thr substitution, which is known to reduce nuclear import markedly, was transported only poorly. To look for endogenous molecules that use this system, we affinity-purified a rabbit polyclonal antibody to the signal sequence. The antibody recognized an 83 kDa polypeptide on Western blots of Aplysia nervous tissue. These data indicate that Aplysia neurons contain the machinery to convey macromolecules from the axon periphery to the nucleus.

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“…WGA coupled to HRP was rapidly transported via this route in Aplysia coated gold particles were not taken up. In addition, previous experiments have shown that HSA conju- (Kistler and Schwartz, 1982). These processes, however, deal with proteins that are present at the gated to a modified sp was taken up inefficiently (Ambron et al, 1992) and that neither histone-1 surface of the cell.…”

Section: Are Found Only In the Cell Bodymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…to assess, since some of these structures clearly arise as a consequence of cutting the axon during removal cytosis and vesicle fusion after transection of squid giant axons (Fishman et al, 1990: Krause et al, of the cells from the ganglion. Consequently, they might have properties that are unique to regenerat-1994).…”

Section: Are Found Only In the Cell Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since between the removal and replacement of proteins is lysosomes in neurons are found only in the cell intuitively appealing, but relatively little is known body, axonal proteins destined to be destroyed by about protein turnover in neurons and even less this organelle must first be retrogradely transported about the processes that come into play when this to the cell soma. Membrane proteins and extracellubalance is shifted dramatically as, for example, after lar constituents, including growth factors, that have been endocytosed are targeted for destruction via this pathway (Claude et al, 1982;Kistler and fluorescence and by confocal microscopy (Schmied et somes (Hegde et al, 1993;Chain et al, 1996Chain et al, ) or al., 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A nuclear localization signal targets proteins to the retrograde transport system, thereby evading uptake into organelles in aplysia axons

Schmied

Ambron

1997

J. Neurobiol.

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Retrograde axonal transport of a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate in aplysia californica

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Serotonergic Modulation in Aplysia. I. Distributed Serotonergic Network Persistently Activated by Sensitizing Stimuli

Serotonergic Modulation in Aplysia. I. Distributed Serotonergic Network Persistently Activated by Sensitizing Stimuli

A signal sequence mediates the retrograde transport of proteins from the axon periphery to the cell body and then into the nucleus

A nuclear localization signal targets proteins to the retrograde transport system, thereby evading uptake into organelles in aplysia axons

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