Retrograde effects of electroconvulsive shock on learned responses.

Spevack, Abraham A.; Suboski, Milton D.

doi:10.1037/h0027507

Cited by 68 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Rather, the delay-of-punishment gradient found in this experiment supports the conclusion that specific response-punishment association was primarily responsible for the avoidance performance. Thus, the suggestion by Spevack & Suboski (1969) that passive avoidance performance is the result of CER was not supported by the present results.…”

contrasting

confidence: 56%

“…DISCUSSION The present results clearly indicate that when punishment in this step-down task was not response contingent, passive avoidance performance was poor, This suggests that CER was not the maior determinant of this passive avoidance. However, since this group did differ ";;100 from a nonshocked control group, it is likely that CER did develop and did lead to passive avoidance for some Ss, This result is in only mild support of Spevack & Suboski (1969), who have suggested that CER is the major mechanism underlying this kind of passive avoidance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Passive avoidance performance has been interpreted by Spevack & Suboski (1969) to be a result of CER incubation, not a specific response-punishment contingency. The CER becomes conditioned to apparatus cues such that after 24 h, when S is again placed in the apparatus, a generalized behavioral suppression develops (CER).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Step-down passive avoidance: CER or specific avoidance?

Barcik¹

1972

Psychon Sci

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contrasting

confidence: 56%

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confidence: 65%

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Step-down passive avoidance: CER or specific avoidance?

Barcik¹

1972

Psychon Sci

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“…The fact that electroconvulsive shock (ECS) seems to produce retrograde amnesia (RA) when administered shortly after a learning trial is weil established (Spevack & Suboski, 1969). Perhaps the most widely accepted hypothesis to accoun t for this phenomenon suggests that memory consolidates over time.…”

Section: Results Showed That Ecs Produced Amnesia For the Foot Shock mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, after the administration of foot shock, S was removed from the operant chamber, ear clips were attached, and ECS was then administered. This would necessarily result in some variability in the time interval between the offset of shock and the administration of ECS, and numerous studies have shown that this time interval is an important variable (Spevack & Suboski, 1969). …”

Section: Results Showed That Ecs Produced Amnesia For the Foot Shock mentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of ECS to produce retrograde amnesia following partial reinforcement training

Young

Galluscio

1970

Psychon Sci

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Twenty·eighf naive male albino rats were trained to lever press for sucrose. Half of the Ss were trained on a continuous-reinforcement schedule (CRF), and the other half of the Ss were trained on a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule. On treatment day, for half of the Ss in each group, a lever press produced foot shock followed by ECS. For the remaining Ss, a lever press produced foot shock only. Results showed that ECS produced amnesia for the foot shock only in CRF-trained Ss_The fact that electroconvulsive shock (ECS) seems to produce retrograde amnesia (RA) when administered shortly after a learning trial is weil established (Spevack & Suboski, 1969). Perhaps the most widely accepted hypothesis to accoun t for this phenomenon suggests that memory consolidates over time. For example, Hebb (I 949) has suggested that following sensory input, the consolidation of memory is effected through a process of reverberation of impulses in CNS circuits. This process results in a structural modification such that the ability of one neuron to excite another is changed in a relatively permanent manner. The massive electrical interference of ECS should disrupt memory consolidation if applied during the reverberatory phase but should have no effect if applied after the structural change in the neuron has been effected.A1though a number of studies (e.g., Heriot & Coleman, 1962;Madsen & McGaugh, 1961) support a consolidation interpretation of the effects of ECS. In that study, two groups of rats were trained to lever press, one group on a continuous-reinforcement schedule (CRF) and the other on a fIxed-ratio schedule (FR 5). When Ss had reached a stable rate of responding, on pretest day a lever press was followed by foot shock. For half the Ss in each group, foot shock was followed by a single ECS; the .other half received no ECS_ All Ss were then subjected to a short retraining period. Results showed that, during re training, the CRF group that received foot shock plus ECS had a significantly higher response rate than the CRF group that received foot shock only and, in fact, showed no suppression of response rate. Both FR 5 groups, however, showed significantly suppressed response rates not significantly different from each other, although one group had received foot shoek plus ECS and the other group had received foot shock only.These findings do not support consolidation theory; however, it seems possible to question these results because, during acquisition, Ss received training until they reached a "stable rate of responding." The total number of responses was uncontrolled prior to treatment, and this difference in experience among Ss might be reflected in response rate during testing. Additionally, after the administration of foot shock, S was removed from the operant chamber, ear clips were attached, and ECS was then administered. This would necessarily result in some variability in the time interval between the offset of shock and the administration of ECS, and numerous studies have shown that this time interval is

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Modification of memory storage processes

1971

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This paper reviews current findings and thinking concerning the nature and bases of “time‐dependent” processes in memory storage. Considerable evidence indicates that memory storage can be enhanced or disrupted by treatments of various kinds (such as electrical stimulation and drugs) which influence brain functioning if the treatments are given to animals shortly after training. This evidence supports the view that there are two types of memory processes, short term memory and long term memory. The fixation of long term memory occurs over time following training. We conclude that the bulk of the evidence is consistent with a “dual‐trace” hypothesis and that alternative interpretations of these findings are not well supported. We point out that these studies can only provide indirect evidence of memory processes since they are studies of the susceptibility of memory processes to facilitating and disrupting influences. The treatments can vary in their effectiveness. Several conceptual models of the relationship between short term and long term memory are presented and evaluated. We suggest that the evidence is most consistent with the hypothesis that short term memory processes are different from but essential for the development of long term memory. The final section of the paper reviews recent findings which provide some understanding of the neurobiological bases of the treatments which modify memory storage processes. We suggest that knowledge of the behavioral effects of treatments which influence memory considered together with knowledge of the effects at a neurobiological level may provide some clues to the biological bases of memory.

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Retrograde effects of electroconvulsive shock on learned responses.

Cited by 68 publications

References 53 publications

Step-down passive avoidance: CER or specific avoidance?

Step-down passive avoidance: CER or specific avoidance?

Failure of ECS to produce retrograde amnesia following partial reinforcement training

Modification of memory storage processes

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