“…Calcium constitutes a key element for chloroplast response, and both abiotic and biotic stresses including chitin, flg22, cold, and NaCl induce a Ca 2+ rise in the stroma ( Stael, 2019 ; Teardo et al, 2019 ; Navazio et al, 2020 ). Numerous other signal transducers have been proposed including the calcium-sensing (CaS) protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, ROS, tetrapyrroles, intermediate products of the isoprenoid biosynthesis, and carotenoid derivatives ( Leister, 2017 ; Teardo et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2019 ; Jiang et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020a ). Finally, this retrograde signaling modulates the expression of (a)biotic stress- and photosynthesis-related genes to adapt the photosynthetic machinery ( Wang et al, 2020b ).…”