Laparoscopic surgery has become the gold standard for many operative procedures in the last 20 years. Its advantages over open surgery are well documented; however, the drive to reduce the trauma of surgical access persists. Laparoscopic techniques utilising only one umbilical port may represent the next step in this surgical evolution. They have been given a myriad of names (single-port access surgery (SPA), one-port umbilical surgery (OPUS), transumbilical endoscopic surgery (TUES) etc) since their inception, with no standardised acronym to date. 1 Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is an umbrella term used in this article to encompass all such single incision laparoscopic techniques, which allow potentially 'scarless' surgery as the wound is hidden within the umbilicus. Many groups have reported on the feasibility of the technique and its initial success but there have been very few significant trials. There is still no consensus and this field therefore represents a major focus for research and development. A MEDLINE ® search using multiple Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms pertaining to this topic highlighted 464 relevant articles in the literature. This article aims to present the current possibilities offered by this technique within general surgery and the evidence supporting it.
DiscussionThere is still much debate over whether SILS is the future of laparoscopic surgery or just a passing fad. SILS was first described in general surgery in 1997 to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomies 1,2 and appendicectomies 1,3 but enthusiasm was limited because of poor equipment and technical support. In 2005 a resurgence was initiated in urology by Hirano et al. 4 Technical improvements that enabled this revival included bent or articulating instruments, adjustments in laparoscopes, several adjacently placed trocars through one incision and special multilumen ports that allow simultaneous multiple instrument insertion. 1 Many of the big healthcare manufacturers have seen this emerging market and new operative hardware is being developed to facilitate the technique. Devices like the TriPort (Advanced Surgical Concepts, Wicklow, Ireland) (Fig 1), the AirSeal ® (SurgiQuest Inc, Orange, CT, US) (Fig 3) and the SILS ™ port (Covidien, Norwalk, CT, US) have made single site surgery easier and more efficient. A return to SILS cholecystectomies followed and this is the most studied general surgery procedure using the technique. However, the repertoire of operations amenable to SILS is expanding and recently published papers describe SILS approaches for totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair, 6 Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is a rapidly developing field that may represent the future of laparoscopic surgery. The major advantage of SILS over standard laparoscopic surgery is in cosmesis, with surgery becoming essentially scarless if the incision is hidden within the umbilicus. Only one incision is required so the risk of potential complications like port site hernias, haematomas and wound in...