Retrospective analysis of clinical features in 134 coronavirus disease 2019 cases

Abstract

We aimed to describe the clinical features in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. We studied 134 critically ill COVID-19 cases from 30 December 2019 to 20 February 2020 in an intensive care unit (ICU) at Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital. Demographics, underlying diseases, therapy strategies and test results were collected and analysed from patients on admission, admission to the ICU and 48 h before death. The non-survivors were older (65.46 (s.d. 9.74) vs. 46.45 (s.d. 11.09)) and were more likely to have underlying diseases. The blood group distribution of the COVID-19 cases differed from that of the Han population in Wuhan, with type A being 43.85%; type B, 26.92%; type AB, 10% and type O, 19.23%. Non-survivors tend to develop more severe lymphopaenia, with higher C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, procalcitonin, D-dimer levels and gradually increased with time. The clinical manifestations were non-specific. Compared with survivors, non-survivors more likely to have organ function injury, and to receive mechanical ventilation, either invasively or noninvasively. Multiple organ failure and secondary bacterial infection in the later period is worthy of attention.

ABO Blood Types and COVID-19: Spurious, Anecdotal, or Truly Important Relationships? A Reasoned Review of Available Data

“…( A ) Blood group O odd ratios (ORs) of COVID-19 relative to the other blood groups and blood group O frequencies at various geographical locations. Odd ratios were obtained from the works in [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 24 ], and the frequencies of blood group O were those reported in the groups of controls of the corresponding studies, representing frequencies in the local populations. OR values in populations where frequencies of blood group O are below and above 40% (O < 0.4 and O > 0.4, respectively) were compared by a two-tailed Mann–Whitney test.…”

“…Thus, soon after the beginning of the pandemic a publication from Wuhan, China, reported a higher risk of infection for people of blood group A, and inversely a lower risk for people of blood group O [ 1 ]. Since then, associations with the ABO blood groups have been described in several additional publications from China as well as many other locations from Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and North America [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Associations between ABO phenotypes were described with either the risk of infection or disease severity, although most studies did not explicitly separate these two aspects.…”

Low Levels of Natural Anti-α-N-Acetylgalactosamine (Tn) Antibodies Are Associated With COVID-19

“…It is now rather well documented through a large set of studies that blood group A individuals are at a higher risk of COVID-19 than individuals of blood group O, whilst blood group B seldom shows significant odd ratios relative to the other blood groups ( Aktimur et al, 2020 ; Barnkob et al, 2020 ; Chegni et al, 2020 ; Ellinghaus et al, 2020 ; Göker et al, 2020 ; Latz et al, 2020 ; Leaf et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Muniz-Diaz et al, 2020 ; Shelton et al, 2020 ; Sohlpour et al, 2020 ; Valenti et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Zeng et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Zhao J. et al, 2020 ; Zietz et al, 2020 ). We recently observed that anti-A and anti-B agglutinating natural antibodies were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients compared with controls ( Deleers et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Indeed, group O individuals possess anti-A and anti-B antibodies that could have protected them from viral particles emitted by either blood group A or B patients. Interestingly, a large number of observations indicate that blood group O individuals have a lower risk of COVID-19, whereas blood group A individuals appear to be at a higher risk ( Cheng et al, 2005 ; Abdollahi et al, 2020 ; Ahmed et al, 2020 ; Aljanobi et al, 2020 ; Barnkob et al, 2020 ; Chegni et al, 2020 ; Delanghe et al, 2020 ; Dzik et al, 2020 ; Ellinghaus et al, 2020 ; Fan et al, 2020 ; Franchini et al, 2020 ; Gallian et al, 2020 ; Göker et al, 2020 ; Hoiland et al, 2020 ; Latz et al, 2020 ; Leaf et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Muniz-Diaz et al, 2020 ; Niles et al, 2020 ; Padhi et al, 2020 ; Ray et al, 2020 ; Roberts et al, 2020 ; Shelton et al, 2020 ; Sohlpour et al, 2020 ; Valenti et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Zeng et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Zhao J. et al, 2020 ; Zietz et al, 2020 ). Only a few studies failed to find any association between ABO types and COVID-19, likely depending on study design ( Boudin et al, 2020 ; Focosi et al, 2020 ; Pairo-Castineira et al, 2020 ).…”

Antimicrobial Resistance as a Hidden Menace Lurking Behind the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Global Impacts of Too Much Hygiene on AMR

“…A number of antibiotics consisting of such applied to COVID-19 in China and other countries have been reported to inhibit mitochondrial activity, DNA synthesis, and biogenesis ( Tyszka et al, 2020 ). These antimicrobial agents can affect mitochondrial function and ATP production and also induce cell death pathways ( Surbatovic et al, 2013 ; Singer, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). For example, azithromycin that has been administered to treat patients with COVID-19 could cause mitochondrial toxicity, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and DNA oxidative damage ( Tyszka et al, 2020 ).…”