Retrospective Analysis of Protein- and Carbohydrate-Focused Diets Combined with Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in Overweight and Obese Women

Lockard, B; Earnest, Conrad P.; Oliver, Jonathan M.; Goodenough, C; Rasmussen, Christopher; Greenwood, Mike; Kreider, Richard B.

doi:10.1089/met.2015.0096

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A priori power calculation was set at >0.80 and was based on the observed change in fat mass between diet groups from previous research in our lab utilizing similar diet and exercise interventions [14,15,40,[42][43][44]47]. This analysis revealed that a sample size of 15-20 participants per group was sufficient to detect meaningful changes (~2 kg) in fat mass between the hypoenergetic diet (LC) groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A meta-analysis examining 14 studies ranging from 3-24 months in duration determined that calorie restriction is effective at reducing body weight regardless of whether the experimental diets were lower-or higher-carbohydrate diets [66]. Finally, we recently examined our own data from eight trials and determined that hypocaloric diets that were lower and higher in carbohydrate content promoted similar improvements in weight loss and metabolic syndrome scores [47]. Therefore, while it is widely debated as to whether or not low-versus high-carbohydrate diets promote greater weight loss, our data suggests that the lower-and higher-carbohydrate hypocaloric diets examined herein were equally effective at promoting weight and fat mass losses in overweight post-menopausal females that engage in exercise training.…”

Section: Secondary Outcomes-markers Of Health and Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D on Body Composition Changes in Post-Menopausal Women Following a Restricted Energy Diet and Exercise Program

et al. 2020

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Vitamin D and calcium supplementation have been posited to improve body composition and different formulations of calcium may impact bioavailability. However, data are lacking regarding the combinatorial effects of exercise, diet, and calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation on body composition changes in post-menopausal women. Herein, 128 post-menopausal women (51.3 ± 4.5 years, 36.4 ± 5.7 kg/m2, 46.2 ± 4.5% fat) were assigned to diet and supplement groups while participating in a supervised circuit-style resistance-training program (3 d/week) over a 14-week period. Diet groups included: (1) normal diet (CTL), (2) a low-calorie, higher protein diet (LCHP; 1600 kcal/day, 15% carbohydrates, 55% protein, 30% fat), and (3) a low-calorie, higher carbohydrate diet (LCHC; 1600 kcal/day, 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, 30% fat). Supplement groups consisted of: (1) maltodextrin (PLA), (2) 800 mg/day of calcium carbonate (Ca), and (3) 800 mg/day of calcium citrate and malate and 400 IU/day of vitamin D (Ca+D). Fasting blood samples, body composition, resting energy expenditure, aerobic capacity, muscular strength and endurance measures were assessed. Data were analyzed by mixed factorial ANOVA with repeated measures and presented as mean change from baseline [95% CI]. Exercise training promoted significant improvements in strength, peak aerobic capacity, and blood lipids. Dieting resulted in greater losses of body mass (CTL −0.4 ± 2.4; LCHC −5.1 ± 4.2; LCHP −3.8 ± 4.2 kg) and fat mass (CTL −1.4 ± 1.8; LCHC −3.7 ± 3.7; LCHP −3.4 ± 3.4 kg). When compared to LCHC-PLA, the LCHC + Ca combination led to greater losses in body mass (PLA −4.1 [−6.1, −2.1], Ca −6.4 [−8.1, −4.7], Ca+D −4.4 [−6.4, −2.5] kg). In comparison to LCHC-Ca, the LCHC-Ca+D led to an improved maintenance of fat-free mass (PLA −0.3 [−1.4, 0.7], Ca −1.4 [−2.3, −0.5], Ca+D 0.4 [−0.6, 1.5] kg) and a greater loss of body fat (PLA −2.3 [−3.4, −1.1], Ca −1.3 [−2.3, −0.3], Ca+D −3.6 [−4.8, −2.5]%). Alternatively, no significant differences in weight loss or body composition resulted when adding Ca or Ca+D to the LCHP regimen in comparison to when PLA was added to the LCHP diet. When combined with an energy-restricted, higher carbohydrate diet, adding 800 mg of Ca carbonate stimulated greater body mass loss compared to when a PLA was added. Alternatively, adding Ca+D to the LCHC diet promoted greater% fat changes and attenuation of fat-free mass loss. Our results expand upon current literature regarding the impact of calcium supplementation with dieting and regular exercise. This data highlights that different forms of calcium in combination with an energy restricted, higher carbohydrate diet may trigger changes in body mass or body composition while no impact of calcium supplementation was observed when participants followed an energy restricted, higher protein diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Secondary Outcomes-markers Of Health and Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D on Body Composition Changes in Post-Menopausal Women Following a Restricted Energy Diet and Exercise Program

et al. 2020

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“…A priori power calculation was set at >0.80 and was based on change in fat mass between diet groups from previous research in our lab utilizing similar diet and exercise interventions as well as considering the change in body weight reported in a similar study . This analysis revealed that a sample size of 15–20 participants per group was sufficient to detect meaningful changes in fat mass.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our group has conducted a number of studies evaluating the effects of various diet and exercise interventions on weight loss as part of a Women's Health & Fitness Initiative . These studies generally found that participating in a circuit‐style resistance training program while following a slightly hypo‐energetic, low fat and moderately higher protein diet promoted fat loss while maintaining fat free mass and resting energy expenditure (REE) . Additionally, adherence to the moderately higher protein versions of this diet while following the circuit‐style resistance training program promoted more favourable changes in markers of metabolic syndrome .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alignment of diet prescription to genotype does not promote greater weight loss success in women with obesity participating in an exercise and weight loss program

Coletta

Sanchez

O’Connor

et al. 2018

Obesity Science & Practice

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SummaryObjectiveGenetics contribute to variability in individual response to weight‐loss interventions. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a commercially available exercise and weight‐loss program and whether alignment of diet to genotype related to lipid metabolism promotes greater success.DesignSedentary women with obesity (n = 63) had genotype (FABP2rs1799883, PPARG2rs1801282, ADRB3rs4994C3, ADRB2rs1042713, rs1042714) determined using a direct‐to‐consumer genetic screening kit purported to promote greater weight‐loss success through dietary recommendations based on these genes. Participants were randomly assigned to follow a moderate carbohydrate (MC) or lower carbohydrate (LC) hypo‐energetic diet that aligned (A) or did not align (NA) with genotype for 24 weeks while participating in a resistance training and walking program. Data were analysed by general linear model repeated measures adjusted for baseline variables and are presented as mean (95% confidence interval) changes from baseline.ResultsParticipants in the LC group experienced greater improvements (p = 0.051, ηp 2 = 0.025) in per cent changes in body composition (weight: MC −3.32 [−1.4, −5.2], LC −5.82 [−4.1, −7.6]; fat mass: MC −7.25 [−3.2, −11.2], LC −10.93 [−7.3, −14.5]; fat‐free mass: MC −0.32 [1.4, −2.0], LC −1.48 [0.7, −3.0]; and body fat percentage: MC −4.19 [−1.6, −6.8], LC −5.60 [−3.3, −7.9] %). No significant differences were observed between genotype groups (weight: A −5.00 [−3.3, −6.7], NA −4.14 [−2.2, −6.1]; fat mass: A −10.15 [−7.0, −13.6], NA −8.02 [−4.0, −12.0]; fat‐free mass: A −1.23 [0.3, −2.8], NA −0.56 [1.12, −2.3]; and body fat: A −5.28 [−3.0, −7.6], NA −4.51 [−1.9, −7.1] %).ConclusionsAdherence to this exercise and weight‐loss program promoted improvements in body composition and health outcomes. While individuals following the LC diet experienced greater benefits, alignment of these diets to this genetic profile did not promote greater health outcomes.

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“…Gregory et al [22] also showed reductions in FM while FFM was maintained during a cross-training program in non-elite trained individuals (mostly women). Even though many studies on RT with different nutritional interventions (including on lowcarbohydrate high-protein diets) have been performed in several women populations [23][24][25][26][27][28], there are a paucity of studies documenting the combined effects of KD and RT, particularly in resistance-trained women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a ketogenic diet on body composition and strength in trained women

Vargas-Molina

Petro

García

et al. 2020

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background: The effect of ketogenic diets (KD) on body composition in different populations has been investigated. More recently, some have recommended that athletes adhere to ketogenic diets in order to optimize changes in body composition during training. However, there is less evidence related to trained women. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a KD on body composition and strength in trained women following an eight-week resistance training (RT) program. Methods: Twenty-one strength-trained women (27.6 ± 4.0 years; 162.1 ± 6.6 cm; 62.3 ± 7.8 kg; 23.7 ± 2.9 kg•m − 2) were randomly assigned to either a non-KD group (n = 11, NKD) or a KD group (n = 10, KD). Study outcomes included body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), strength levels measured using one maximum repetition (RM) in back squat and bench press (BP), and countermovement jump (CMJ) measured on a force plate. Results: A significant reduction in fat mass was observed in KD (− 1.1 ± 1.5 kg; P = 0.042; d = − 0.2) but not in NDK (0.3 ± 0.8 kg; P = 0.225; d = 0.1). No significant changes in fat-free mass were observed in KD (− 0.7 ± 1.7 kg; P = 0.202; d = − 0.1) or NKD (0.7 ± 1.1 kg; P = 0.074; d = 0.2), but absolute changes favored NKD. No significant changes in BP were observed in KD (1.5 ± 4.6 kg; P = 0.329; d = 0.2), although significant changes were noted in the squat and CMJ (5.6 ± 7.6 kg; P = 0.045; d = 0.5 and 1.7 ± 1.9 cm; P = 0.022; d = 0.6, respectively). In contrast, NKD showed significant increases in BP (4.8 ± 1.8; P < 0.01; d = 0.7), squat (15.6 ± 5.4 kg; P = 0.005; d = 1.4) and CMJ (2.2 ± 1.7 cm; P = 0.001; d = 0.5). Conclusions: Findings indicate that a KD may help to decrease fat mass and maintain fat-free mass after eight 8 weeks of RT in trained-women but is suboptimal for increasing fat-free mass.

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Retrospective Analysis of Protein- and Carbohydrate-Focused Diets Combined with Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in Overweight and Obese Women

Abstract: Our findings suggest that a low-moderate calorie diet partitioned for CHO and PRO preference is equally effective when combined with a structured exercise program for reducing the prevalence of MetS prevalence in overweight/obese women.

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Differential Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D on Body Composition Changes in Post-Menopausal Women Following a Restricted Energy Diet and Exercise Program

Differential Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D on Body Composition Changes in Post-Menopausal Women Following a Restricted Energy Diet and Exercise Program

Alignment of diet prescription to genotype does not promote greater weight loss success in women with obesity participating in an exercise and weight loss program

Effects of a ketogenic diet on body composition and strength in trained women

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