Retrotransposon mapping in spider monkey genomes of the family Atelidae (Platyrrhini, Primates) shows a high level of LINE-1 amplification

Abstract

To investigate the distribution of LINE-1 repeat sequences, a LINE-1 probe was Fluorescence In Situ Hybridized (FISH) on the chromosomes of Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles fusciceps (Atelidae); a LINE-1 probe was also mapped on Cebuella pygmaea (Cebidae) and used as an outgroup for phylogenetic comparison. Ateles spider monkeys have a highly rearranged genome and are an ideal model for testing whether LINE-1 is involved in genome evolution. The LINE-1 probe has been mapped in the two Atelidae species for the first time, revealing a high accumulation of LINE-1 sequences along chromosomal arms, including telomeres, and a scarcity of LINE-1 signals at centromere positions. LINE-1 mapping in C. pygmaea (Cebidae) revealed signals at centromere positions and along chromosome arms, which was consistent with previous published data from other Cebidae species. In a broader sense, the results were analyzed in light of published data on whole-chromosomal human probes mapped in these genomes. This analysis allows us to speculate about the presence of LINE-1 sequences at the junction of human chromosomal syntenies, as well as a possible link between these sequences and chromosomal rearrangements.

Mapping CAP-A satellite DNAs by FISH in Sapajus cay paraguay and S. macrocephalus (Platyrrhini, Primates)

“…The post-FISH C banding pattern obtained was compared with previously published C banding of phylogenetically close species such as S. apella (Dumas et al 2022). Chromosomes pairs with evident C bands were: 8, 11, 18-20; other C bands were at the centromeres of acrocentric chromosomes (Fig.…”

“…Metaphases were obtained from lymphoblast cell cultures in RPMI culture medium, following standardized protocols. Cell harvesting was performed after 3 h incubation with colcemid 10 μL (10 μg/mL Gibco), followed by hypotonic treatments of 0.075 M KCl for 20 min at 37 °C, following standard protocols (Dumas et al 2022). Metaphases of the analyzed species were stained pre-and post-FISH using chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, according to a recent protocol (Lemskaya et al 2018), with some adjustments.…”

Chromosome Painting in Cercopithecus petaurista (Schreber, 1774) Compared to Other Monkeys of the Cercopithecini Tribe (Catarrhini, Primates)

“…Fibroblasts from skin biopsies after cell dissociation with collagenase IV (0.0186 g in 4 mL) for 1 h at 37 °C were maintained in DMEM medium (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle medium, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), supplemented with antibiotics (1%) and fetal bovine serum (15%) at 37 °C for 72 h. Metaphases were obtained from fibroblast cell cultures after 1h of colcemid treatment (0.05 g/mL), followed by incubation with 0.075 M KCl (10 min at 37 °C) and Carnoy’s fixative (3 methanol:1 acetic acid) [ 41 ]. GTG-banding was produced by trypsin digestion following a previously-described protocol [ 38 ].…”

“…This analysis was performed in order to clarify the phylogenetic and systematic inferences regarding the tribe. Moreover, telomeric sequence probes were mapped by FISH in C. petaurista because recent works have suggested that interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) may be linked to the high rate of chromosome evolution in primates [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”