Retroviral insertions into a herpesvirus are clustered at the junctions of the short repeat and short unique sequences.

Jones, Dan; Isfort, Robert J.; Witter, R. L.; Kost, Rhonda G.; Kung, Hsing-Jien

doi:10.1073/pnas.90.9.3855

Cited by 67 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…As with other herpesviruses, the GϩC content in the repeat regions is higher than that in the unique regions (49 to 50% in repeats versus 41 to 42% in unique regions) (25,36,96). Md5 does not contain the retroviral long terminal repeat sequences previously reported at the US/short repeat boundary of cell culture-passaged MDV1 strains (44,47,48).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The Genome of a Very Virulent Marek's Disease Virus

Tulman

Afonso

et al. 2000

J Virol

255

221

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Here we present the first complete genomic sequence, with analysis, of a very virulent strain of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1), Md5. The genome is 177,874 bp and is predicted to encode 103 proteins. MDV1 is colinear with the prototypic alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) within the unique long (UL) region, and it is most similar at the amino acid level to MDV2, herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), and nonavian herpesviruses equine herpesviruses 1 and 4. MDV1 encodes 55 HSV-1 UL homologues together with 6 additional UL proteins that are absent in nonavian herpesviruses. The unique short (US) region is colinear with and has greater than 99% nucleotide identity to that of MDV1 strain GA; however, an extra nucleotide sequence at the Md5 US/short terminal repeat boundary results in a shorter US region and the presence of a second gene (encoding MDV097) similar to the SORF2 gene. MD5, like HVT, encodes an ICP4 homologue that contains a 900-amino-acid amino-terminal extension not found in other herpesviruses. Putative virulence and host range gene products include the oncoprotein MEQ, oncogenicity-associated phosphoproteins pp38 and pp24, a lipase homologue, a CxC chemokine, and unique proteins of unknown function MDV087 and MDV097 (SORF2 homologues) and MDV093 (SORF4). Consistent with its virulent phenotype, Md5 contains only two copies of the 132-bp repeat which has previously been associated with viral attenuation and loss of oncogenicity.Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by the highly infectious cell-associated alphaherpesvirus MD virus serotype 1 (MDV1) (18). Yearly economic losses from MD total $1 billion worldwide (18). MDV1 infection results in a rapid onset of malignant T-cell lymphomas within several weeks of infection. Tumor infiltration results in a neural form of disease, which causes progressive paralysis, or a visceral form of disease, which is usually very acute and accompanied by high mortality. Productive virus replication in the skin and feather follicle epithelia with subsequent virus shedding is responsible for disease transmission (18).MD is controlled by vaccination and good management practices (18). Naturally occurring nonpathogenic strains of MDV1, MDV2, and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT or MDV3) have been used individually or together in bivalent vaccines (18,40). Recent increases in MD-related mortality and condemnations among vaccinated poultry have occurred in the United States. These increases in disease have occurred approximately 6 years after the introduction of new vaccines (99). In the late 1970s, following the introduction of HVT vaccines, and since 1992, after the introduction of bivalent MDV2-HVTbased vaccines, new MDV1 strains of greater virulence (very virulent [vv] and very virulent plus [vv ϩ ] MDV1) were isolated. These viruses are characterized by higher cytolytic activity, unusual tissue tropism, increased atrophy of lymphoid organs, immunosuppression, enhanced capacity to transform T cells, and earlier host death (7...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The region containing the US/short repeat junction is variable in MDV1, MDV2, and HVT (14,46,106). Expansion of the Md5 short repeat compared to those of the MDV1 Md11 strain and less-virulent JM and Cu-2 strains has been previously noted by restriction enzyme analysis (48). The MDV087 and MDV097 genes span the US/short repeat boundary (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genome of a Very Virulent Marek's Disease Virus

Tulman

Afonso

et al. 2000

J Virol

255

221

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“…In fact, co-cultivation of REV with virulent MDV (strain JM/ 102 W) resulted in the insertion and duplication of the REV LTR into the MDV genome (Isfort et al, 1992;Jones et al, 1993Jones et al, , 1996. The resultant virus, RM1, was highly attenuated; however, it induced severe BTA and immunosuppression similar to very virulent MDVs .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…REV readily integrates into the genome of virulent type I MDV following both long-term and short-term co-infection of chicken or duck embryo fibroblasts (Isfort et al, 1992;Jones et al, 1993). A complete LTR was inserted into the MDV IR s region of the MDV strain, JM/102 W, upon co-cultivation with the REV strain, chick syncytial virus, in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent Marek's disease virus alters its pathogenicity

et al. 2012

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“…Integration of the retroviral sequences into the herpesvirus genome was documented in vitro by co-infecting CEF cultures with MDV and the retroviruses REV and ALV [39][40][41][42][43][44] and reviewed by Kawaguchi and Mikami, 45 Brunovskis and Kung 46 and Kung et al 47 By cocultivating MDV and REV in the same tissue culture dish Jones et al 43 created the first recombinant virus, RM1, which was characterized both molecularly and biologically as having an altered in vitro replication and in vivo biological properties. 48 The RM1 was named by the initials of its two progenitor viruses, REV and MDV.…”

Section: Molecular Interactions Between Dna and Rna Viruses Herpes Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Knowledge that Human Tumor Virology can Gain from Studies on Avian Tumor Viruses

Davidson¹

2009

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Avian tumor viruses are important, economically significant pathogens in the poultry industry, and can provide scientific insight in topics that cannot be experimented in humans. The present review will present viral-induced tumors in poultry and will emphasize the specific findings that can be taken from their study, regarding (a) multiple virus infections in vivo, (b) molecular interactions in vitro and in vivo between avian oncogenic viruses, (c) creation of new viable viruses with altered biological properties by the integration of two retroviruses in vivo, (d) the diversity of clinical signs that appear in viral-infected poultry prior to tumor formation. The inter-viral molecular interaction were studied in vitro and in vivo, in natural infections and in experimentally-infected birds. About 25% of flocks were double-virus-infected, and molecular integrations occurred spontaneously in about 5% of the samples, as by the chimeric molecules detection. In experimentally-infected birds the chimeric molecules rate was higher, while in herpes-and retroviruses co-infected tissue cultures, recombinant virus creation was efficient, leading to a new virus with altered biology. Spontaneous inter-viral recombination occurred between retroviruses, lead to the emergence of a delirious new virus, avian leukosis virus, subgroup J, which actually caused great economic losses to the poultry industry.

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Retroviral insertions into a herpesvirus are clustered at the junctions of the short repeat and short unique sequences.

Cited by 67 publications

References 29 publications

The Genome of a Very Virulent Marek's Disease Virus

The Genome of a Very Virulent Marek's Disease Virus

Insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent Marek's disease virus alters its pathogenicity

The Knowledge that Human Tumor Virology can Gain from Studies on Avian Tumor Viruses

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