Retroviral protease-like gene in the vaccinia virus genome.

Slabaugh, Mary B.; Roseman, N A

doi:10.1073/pnas.86.11.4152

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…1). These would be consistent with a retrotransposon mechanism of translocation and we note that short 9 bp direct repeats flank a copy of a retroviral protease-like gene in vaccinia virus (Slabaugh & Roseman, 1989), suggesting that poxviruses may acquire genes in this manner.…”

Section: Conservedsupporting

confidence: 52%

Analysis of the Fowlpox Virus Genome Region Corresponding to the Vaccinia Virus D6 to A1 Region: Location of, and Variation in, Non-essential Genes in Poxviruses

Binns¹,

Britton²,

Mason³

et al. 1990

Journal of General Virology

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The DNA sequence of the fowlpox virus genome corresponding to the vaccinia virus D6 to A 1 region has been determined. Translation of this sequence reveals fowlpoxvirus gene homologues corresponding to the D6, D7, D9, D10, Dll, D12, D13 and A1 genes of vaccinia virus. In contrast, no gene homologue for the non-essential vaccinia virus D8 gene was present in fowlpox virus. Instead, a gene transcribed from the opposite strand to the vaccinia virus D8 gene showing no homology to any previously sequenced poxvirus gene was present. The amino terminus of the fowlpox virus D9 homologue had undergone substantial changes, including frameshifts which would be predicted to inactivate the gene. Insertion of a gene cartridge composed of the vaccinia virus p7.5 promoter and the lacZgene into the fowlpox virus D8, D9 and D10 genes in vitro, followed by recombination into fowlpox virus, was carried out. Stable insertion mutants with the correct genotype were obtained for D8 and D9 which, when tested in chickens did not appear to have been attenuated. No stable insertion mutants were obtained for D10, indicating that this gene probably encodes a function which is essential for virus replication. The D8 and D9 genes of fowlpox virus represent useful insertion sites for the construction of recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines.

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Section: Conservedsupporting

confidence: 52%

Analysis of the Fowlpox Virus Genome Region Corresponding to the Vaccinia Virus D6 to A1 Region: Location of, and Variation in, Non-essential Genes in Poxviruses

Binns¹,

Britton²,

Mason³

et al. 1990

Journal of General Virology

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“…After the construction of restriction maps (Wittek et al, 1977;Mackett & Archard, 1979) and the cloning of individual restriction fragments (Wittek et al, 1980;Belle Isle et al, 1981), the 186kb genome of the laboratory strain of vaccinia virus (Western Reserve, WR) has been studied in detail. The structure of the terminal hairpins has been determined and the complete sequence of several of the viral HindIII restriction fragments and many individual genes have been reported from WR and other strains of virus (Ahn et al, 1990;Amegadzie et al, 1991;Baldick & Moss, 1987;Boursnell et al, 1988;Bertholet et al,, 1985;Broyles & Moss, 1986;Earl et al, 1986;Gillard et al, 1986;Gordon et al, 1988;Hirt et al, 1986;Howard & Smith, 1989;Howard et al, 1991 ;Jin et al, 1989;Kotwal & Moss, 1988aNiles et al, 1986;Plucienniczak et al, 1985;Rodriguez et al, 1986;Rodriguez & Esteban, 1987;Rosel et al, 1986;Rosel & Moss, 1985;Roseman & Hruby, 1987;Roseman & Slabaugh, 1990;Schmitt & Stunnenberg, 1989;Slabaugh & Roseman, 1989;Slabaugh et al, 1988;Shida, 1986;Smith et al, 1989a, b, c;Smith & Chan, 1991;Tamin et al, 1988;Tengelsen et al, 1988;Traktman et al, 1989;Tsoa et al, 1986;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleotide sequence of 42 kbp of vaccinia virus strain WR from near the right inverted terminal repeat

Smith

Chan

Howard

1991

Journal of General Virology

155

107

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The nucleotide sequence of 42 090 bp of vaccinia virus strain WR is presented. The sequence includes the SalI L, F, G and I fragments and starts near the centre of the HindIII A fragment and extends rightwards towards the genomic terminus, finishing approximately 0-5 kb internal of the inverted terminal repeat (ITR). Translation of this region has identified 65 open reading frames (ORFs) of greater than 65 amino acids in length. Fifty-one of these which do not extensively overlap other larger ORFs have been subjected to further analysis; the other 14 are termed minor ORFs. In the rightmost 28.7 kb, the genes are, with one exception, transcribed towards the genomic terminus, similar to the arrangement of genes at the left end of the virus genome. Internal of this region the genes are expressed off either DNA strand but still predominately rightwards. ORFs are tightly packed with few intergenic non-coding regions of greater than 250 bp. Protein sequence comparisons have established a remarkably high number of homologies with entries in existing protein databases. Of these, DNA ligase, thymidylate kinase, two serine-threonine protein kinases, two serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), two interleukin-1 receptor homologues and a discontinuous ORF related to tumour necrosis factor receptor have been reported. Other homologies include lectins, profilin, 3fl-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, guanylate kinase, ankyrin and complement factor H. In addition, there are a number of polypeptides with predicted properties of membraneassociated, secretory or glyco-proteins. Twelve gene families are described here and elsewhere. There is considerable similarity between genes from the right and left end of the virus genome that may have arisen by terminal transposition events. Several differences from the corresponding region of vaccinia virus strain Copenhagen sequence are noted. Near the right terminus the sequences diverge completely, and internal of this there are multiple examples of deletion of short sequences (eight to 10 nucleotides) that lie within penta-or hexanucleotide direct repeats.

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“…In a search of the protein data bank (Swiss Prot 13), we found a similarity to the pseudoprotease genes of vaccinia and orf poxviruses, and to a lesser degree to other pseudoproteases. Pseudoproteases were named because of their modest similarity to retroviral proteases (McClure et al, 1987;Mercer et al, 1989;Slabaugh and Roseman, 1989) Total soluble proteins were fractionated on 15% SDS-PAGE gel, blotted onto nitrocellulose filters, and reacted with anti-P18 antibody in 10~4 dilution of the original antiserum. LV, total soluble proteins of leaves; AM, anantha floral meristems; FL, normal flowers.…”

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confidence: 99%

A meristem-related gene from tomato encodes a dUTPase: analysis of expression in vegetative and floral meristems.

1992

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A meristem-specific gene coding for deoxyuridine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.23) (dUTPase) in tomato was isolated, and its developmental expression in vegetative and floral apices was monitored. An 18-kD polypeptide, P18, was isolated as a consequence of its accumulation in arrested floral meristems of anantha mutant plants. The corresponding cDNA isolated from an expression library exhibited a 40 to 60% similarity with the pseudoprotease sequences of poxviruses, genes that have been suggested to encode dUTPases. Enzymatic tests and conservation of peptide motifs common to bacterial and vira1 genes verified that the P18 cDNA clone indeed represents a eukaryotic dUTPase. lmmunogold localization and in situ hybridization experiments showed that polypeptides and transcripts of dUTPase are maintained at high levels in apical meristematic cells of vegetative and floral meristems. dUTPase gene activity is also high in the potentially meristematic cells of the provascular and vascular system. Its expression is lower in the immediate parenchymal derivatives of the apical meristematic cells, and this downregulation marks, perhaps, the transition from totipotency to the first differentiated state. INTRODUCTIONPrimary tissues of the plant shoot and root arise continuously from apical meristems. Apical meristems differentiate during embryogeny and are developmentally autonomous. They retain their meristematic activity throughout the life cycle while generating primary tissues and new meristematic centers that form lateral organs (Walbot, 1985;Goldberg, 1988;Sussex, 1989;Poethig, 1990). Unlike vegetative meristems, floral meristems are not embryonic in origin. Transmissible physiological signals in the vegetative apex initiate floral evocation, which results in transformation to a floral apex (Bernier, 1988). Floral meristems, moreover, are considered to be determinate because in most cases they form only inflorescences. Understanding meristems is, therefore, a prerequisite for the understanding of plant development (Sussex, 1989). An impressive body of descriptive and classical experimental studies on this subject is discussed comprehensively by Esau (1977), Cutter (1980), and Steeves and Sussex (1989).In an attempt to dissect the developmental processes in tomato meristems, we undertook the isolation of gene markers common to all plant meristems and others that are more specific to floral meristems. The repertoire of soluble and insoluble proteins of growing leaves and mature flowers was compared with that of anantha floral meristems. Floral meristems of anantha mutant plants are arrested at an early To whom correspondence should be addressed. preorganogenesis stage and then duplicated repeatedly (Helm, 1951;Paddock and Alexander, 1952), thus providing an excellent source of meristematic tissue (Lifschitz, 1988). Selected polypeptides that appeared more abundant in anantha meristems were purified, antibodies were prepared, and cDNA clones were isolated. The tomato deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) gene reported here was ...

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Retroviral protease-like gene in the vaccinia virus genome.

Abstract: The retroviral protease-encoding region, PR, situated between the gag and pol genes, underwent gene duplication in the lineage now represented by simian retrovirus type 1; the sequence of the duplicated segment has diverged considerably from the present PR sequence [Power, M.

Cited by 36 publications

References 28 publications

Analysis of the Fowlpox Virus Genome Region Corresponding to the Vaccinia Virus D6 to A1 Region: Location of, and Variation in, Non-essential Genes in Poxviruses

Analysis of the Fowlpox Virus Genome Region Corresponding to the Vaccinia Virus D6 to A1 Region: Location of, and Variation in, Non-essential Genes in Poxviruses

Nucleotide sequence of 42 kbp of vaccinia virus strain WR from near the right inverted terminal repeat

A meristem-related gene from tomato encodes a dUTPase: analysis of expression in vegetative and floral meristems.

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