Retroviral sequences related to human T-lymphotropic virus type II in patients with chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome.

DeFreitas, Elaine; Hilliard, Brendan; Cheney, Paul R.; Bell, David S.; Kiggundu, Edward; Sankey, Diane; Wróblewska, Zofia; Palladino, M. A.; Woodward, John; Koprowski, Hilary

doi:10.1073/pnas.88.7.2922

Cited by 144 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Independent confirmation and validation in multiple laboratories, ideally in blinded studies, would be needed to make such claims. It should be noted that the involvement of a retrovirus (specifically HTLV-II) in chronic fatigue syndrome was first suggested in 1991 [46], although it was never confirmed and eventually forgotten.…”

Section: Xmrv In Chronic Fatigue Syndromementioning

confidence: 97%

Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome

Menéndez‐Arias

2010

Reviews in Medical Virology

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The recent discovery of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer tissues and in the blood of individuals suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome has attracted considerable interest. However, the relevance and significance of XMRV to human disease remain unclear, since the association has not been confirmed in other studies. XMRV is the first gammaretrovirus to be found in humans. XMRV and murine leukaemia viruses share similar structures and genomic organisation. Human restriction factors such as APOBEC3 or tetherin inhibit XMRV replication. Although XMRV induces low rates of transformation in cell culture, it might be able to induce cancer by low-frequency insertional activation of oncogenes or through the generation of highly active transforming viruses. A preference for regulatory regions of transcriptional active genes has been observed after a genomic-wide analysis of XMRV integration sites. Genes related to carcinogenesis and androgen signalling have been identified in the vicinity of integration sites. The XMRV genome contains a glucocorticoid responsive element, and androgens could modulate viral replication in the prostate. Evidence supporting the involvement of XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome is still very weak, and needs further confirmation and validation. Currently approved anti-retroviral drugs such as zidovudine, tenofovir and raltegravir are efficient inhibitors of XMRV replication in vitro. These drugs might be useful to treat XMRV infection in humans. The identification of XMRV has potentially serious health implications for the implementation of novel techniques including gene therapy or xenotransplantation, while raising concerns on the need for screening donated blood to prevent transmission through transfusion.

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Section: Xmrv In Chronic Fatigue Syndromementioning

confidence: 97%

Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome

Menéndez‐Arias

2010

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…21 In this study, retroviral risk factors were absent, and results of an analysis of other HTLV-11 gene sequences were negative, indicating that prototypic HTLV-11 could not be responsible for the results. These sequences may reflect the presence of a novel human retrovirus or a reactivated endogenous virus.…”

Section: New Directionsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Bell¹

1992

Postgraduate Medicine

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Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic debilitating illness that is marked in the majority of cases by sudden onset of fatigue and flulike symptoms. Symptoms subsequently relapse and remit and may persist for years. Physical examination typically reveals relatively minor, nonspecific abnormalities in an apparently well patient. Although immunologic abnormalities are associated with chronic fatigue syndrome, tests for these features are expensive, nonspecific, and generally reserved for research purposes. The diagnosis is made on the basis of new onset of severe fatigue, a characteristic pattern of symptoms, and exclusion of other illnesses. Treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and helping patients adjust to the debilitating and chronic nature of the illness.

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“…4 In 1991, viral sequences from human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 were isolated in patients with CFS. 18 Soon thereafter, independent groups in the United States and the United Kingdom were unable to replicate the results. 19,20 Several reports have suggested that contamination of human cells by mouse DNA can lead to the false detection of XMRV, 21Y23 and another showed a commercial real time-PCR test kit used to detect a partial gag region of XMRV was contaminated with small traces of endogenous murine leukemia virus.…”

Section: Evidence Against Association Of Xmrv Infection and Cfsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the Association With the Human Retrovirus XMRV

Watkins¹

2011

Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

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Sequences of the gammaretrovirus xenotropic murine leukemia virusYrelated virus (XMRV) were first identified in tissue samples from human prostate tumors. It was subsequently isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, several follow-up studies were unable to duplicate the results. Immune dysfunction caused by XMRV has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of CFS. Differences in the diagnosis of patients may be a factor in the negative studies, and resolving these discrepancies has crucial implications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of patients with CFS. Currently approved antiretroviral drugs have been found to inhibit XMRV replication in vitro but should not be given to patients with CFS at present until further data demonstrate a clear benefit.Screening donated blood and organs to prevent transmission may become an important public health issue.

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Retroviral sequences related to human T-lymphotropic virus type II in patients with chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome.

Cited by 144 publications

References 26 publications

Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome

Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the Association With the Human Retrovirus XMRV

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