Retroviruses—Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Blattner, William A.; O’Brien, Thomas R.; Müeller, Nancy

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0036-4_24

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 313 publications

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“…This may be an independent effect or may be associated with altered mental state. The effect of decreased pain may result in the ability to have greater numbers of anal sex partners in a short period of time, longer duration of sexual activity, or even more physically traumatic sexual activity (e.g., "fisting") that may result in increased tissue damage and increased risk of HIV and STI acquisition (Ambroziak and Levy, 1999;Blattner et al, 1997;Chmiel et al, 1997;Figueroa et al, 1994). Qualitative reports indicate that drugs such as methamphetamine may be used to sustain more physically traumatic receptive anal intercourse (Green, 2003).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 97%

Club Drugs as Causal Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review

Drumright

Patterson

Strathdee

2006

Substance Use & Misuse

184

183

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We reviewed medical and psychology databases for articles published between January 1980 and August 2005 demonstrating associations between HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection risk and club drug use. Seventy-four articles were reviewed, of which 30 provided adjusted risk ratios for associations between HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk and club drug use among men who have sex with men. Definitions and lists of club drugs were broad and inconsistent. We constructed a conceptual framework of biologically plausible pathways for causation. Using Hill's criteria to examine club drugs as causal risk factors for HIV, we found the most evidence for methamphetamine and volatile nitrites; however, more studies are needed.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 97%

Club Drugs as Causal Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review

Drumright

Patterson

Strathdee

2006

Substance Use & Misuse

184

183

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“…Urban populations may be more likely to have access to illicit drugs and to engage in injection drug use (McCurdy, Williams, Kilonzo, Ross, & Leshabari, 2005;Wodak, Sarkar, & Mesquita, 2004). Drug injection behaviors have been known to facilitate the transmission of HIV since the epidemic was first recognized (Blattner, O'Brien, & Mueller, 1997). In a number of cities around the world, drug injection practices, particularly the sharing of needles used for injecting heroin, have strongly influenced local epidemics (Chaisson, Bacchetti, Osmond, Brodie, & Sande, 1989;Davies, Dominy, Peters, & Richardson, 1996;Des Jarlais, 1992;Friedman, Jose, Deren, Des Jarlais, & Neaigus, 1995;Vanichseni et al, 1992Vanichseni et al, , 1993Wodak, Stowe, Ross, Gold, & Miller, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in HIV Risk Behaviors by Gender in a Sample of Tanzanian Injection Drug Users

et al. 2006

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This study investigated differences in drug use and sexual behaviors among from 237 male and 123 female heroin users in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Multivariate models of risk of needle sharing were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Men were significantly older, more likely to inject only white heroin, share needles, and give or lend used needles to other injectors. Women were more likely to be living on the streets, have injected brown heroin, have had sex, have had a higher number of sex partners, and have used a condom with the most recent sex partner. Being male and earning less than US $46 in the past month were significant predictors of increased risk of needle sharing. Despite differences in sociodemographic, drug use, and sexual behaviors by gender, both male and female injectors in Dar es Salaam exhibit elevated risk of HIV infection associated with drug use.

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“…Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Heroin and HIV risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Youth hangouts, mageto and injecting practices Injection of illicit drugs, specifically sharing contaminated injection equipment, has been known to be a causal factor associated with the transmission of HIV since the epidemic was first recognized by Western science (Blattner et al, 1997). While the behaviours involved in preparing and injecting drugs are the direct causal factors that facilitate HIV transmission, the HIV epidemic in a number of cities around the world has been and is strongly associated with heroin injection (Des Jarlais, 1992;Vanichseni et al, 1992;Vanichseni et al, 1993;Friedman et al, 1995;Wodak et al, 1995;Davies et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heroin and HIV risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Youth hangouts,magetoand injecting practices

McCurdy¹,

Williams²,

Kilonzo

et al. 2005

AIDS Care

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HIV risk through needle sharing is now an emerging phenomenon in Africa. This article describes the practices that heroin users are producing as they establish the rules and organization surrounding their drug use. Their practices and interactions reveal the ways that they become initiated into its use, how they progress to injecting, and the important role of local neighbourhood hangouts in facilitating this process. Their practices, interactions and narratives also provide insights into what may be the most appropriate HIV-prevention interventions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted during the months of February and July 2003 with 51 male and female injectors residing in 8 neighbourhoods in the Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Interviews were content coded and codes were collapsed into emergent themes around hangout places, initiation of heroin use, and progression to injecting. Interviews reveal that Dar es Salaam injectors begin smoking heroin in hangout areas with their friends, either because of peer pressure, desire, or trickery. One hangout place in particular, referred to as the 'geto' (ghetto) is the main place where the organization and rules governing heroin use are produced. Three main types of heroin 'ghettoes' are operating in Dar es Salaam. As users build a tolerance for the drug they move along a continuum of practices until they begin to inject. Injecting heroin is a comparatively recent practice in Africa and coincides with: (1) Tanzania transitioning to becoming a heroin consuming community; (2) the growing importance of youth culture; (3) the technical innovation of injecting practices and the introduction and ease of use of white heroin; and (4) heroin smokers, sniffers, and inhalers perceived need to escalate their use through a more effective and satisfying form of heroin ingestion.

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Retroviruses—Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Cited by 12 publications

References 313 publications

Club Drugs as Causal Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review

Club Drugs as Causal Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review

Differences in HIV Risk Behaviors by Gender in a Sample of Tanzanian Injection Drug Users

Heroin and HIV risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Youth hangouts,magetoand injecting practices

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