Reuse of Ti6Al4V Powder and Its Impact on Surface Tension, Melt Pool Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Components

Skałoń, Mateusz; Meier, Benjamin; Leitner, Thomas; Arneitz, Siegfried; Amancio‐Filho, Sergio T.; Sommitsch, Christof

doi:10.3390/ma14051251

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The strengthening of Ti6Al4V is linked to the elevation of oxygen in an interstitial solid solution. However, the decrease in ductility reported here seems to be more pronounced than in other studies [ 24 , 25 ]. However, it should be noted that our work reports reduction in area, whereas the work of others reports on percent elongation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Powder Reuse in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of Ti6Al4V—Changes in Mechanical Properties during a Powder Top-Up Regime

Harkin

Nikam

et al. 2022

Materials

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The properties of Extra Low Interstitials (ELI) Ti6Al4V components fabricated via the laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process are prone to variation, particularly throughout a powder reuse regime. Interstitial pick-up of interstitial elements within the build chamber during processing can occur, most notably, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, which can impair the mechanical properties of the built component. This study analyses ELI Ti6Al4V components manufactured by the L-PBF process when subjected to a nine-stage powder reuse sequence. Mechanical properties are reported via hardness measurement and tensile testing. Results showed that from 0.099 wt.% to 0.126 wt.% oxygen content, the mean hardness and tensile strength increased from 367.8 HV to 381.9 HV and from 947.6 Mpa to 1030.7 Mpa, respectively, whereas the ductility (area reduction) reduced from around 10% to 3%. Statistical analysis based on the empirical model from Tabor was performed to determine the strength–hardness relationship. Results revealed a significant direct relationship between tensile strength and Vickers hardness with a proportionality constant of 2.61 (R-square of 0.996 and p-value of 6.57 × 10−6).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Powder Reuse in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of Ti6Al4V—Changes in Mechanical Properties during a Powder Top-Up Regime

Harkin

Nikam

et al. 2022

Materials

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“…This variation is primarily due to the shrinkage that occurred in the solidified part. Meanwhile, variation can be due to the system capabilities, i.e., the minimum spot size of the laser beam [ 48 ], part geometry-stair case effect [ 49 ], and powder characteristics [ 50 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cubic Lattice Structures of Ti6Al4V under Compressive Loading: Towards Assessing the Performance for Hard Tissue Implants Alternative

Dhiman

Singh

Sidhu³

et al. 2021

Materials

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Porous Lattice Structure (PLS) scaffolds have shown potential applications in the biomedical domain. These implants’ structural designs can attain compatibility mechanobiologically, thereby avoiding challenges related to the stress shielding effect. Different unit cell structures have been explored with limited work on the fabrication and characterization of titanium-based PLS with cubic unit cell structures. Hence, in the present paper, Ti6Al4V (Ti64) cubic PLS scaffolds were analysed by finite element (FE) analysis and fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technique. PLS of the rectangular shape of width 10 mm and height 15 mm (ISO: 13314) with an average pore size of 600–1000 μm and structure porosity percentage of 40–70 were obtained. It has been found that the maximum ultimate compressive strength was found to be 119 MPa of PLS with a pore size of 600 μm and an overall relative density (RD) of 57%. Additionally, the structure’s failure begins from the micro-porosity formed during the fabrication process due to the improper melting along a plane inclined at 45 degree.

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“…• Removal of large particles during the sieving process [193,205] • Increase of fine particles due to spattering [203,204] Widen…”

Section: Powder Degradation During Powder Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Ti6Al4V [183] • Inconel 718 [182] • Formation of irregular-shaped spatters [191] Marginal change • Inconel 718 [194] • Inconel 738 [201] • Ti6Al4V [181,204] • AlSi10Mg [193,205,208,210] NA Flowability Increase • 304L [195],…”

Section: Decreasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, various titanium and titanium alloys have been extensively investigated via AM technologies, including the workhorse Ti6Al4V, β-type titanium alloy [238,239], and CP-Ti alloy [240]. In consideration of high cost of the titanium and titanium alloys, it is meaningful to understand the variation of powder characteristics and part properties of titanium and titanium alloys with powder reuse [181,183,196,203,204,[241][242][243][244][245].…”

Section: Powder Reusability Of Titanium and Titanium Alloymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization, preparation, and reuse of metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion: a review

Sun,

Chen,

Liu

et al. 2023

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has attracted significant attention since its inception, providing unprecedented advantages to fabricate metallic components with complex geometry. The quality and performance of as-printed alloys is an intricate function consisting of numerous factors linking the feedstock powders, manufacturing, and post-treatment. As the starting materials, powders play a critical role in influencing the printing consistency, total fabrication cost, and mechanical properties. In consideration of its importance for L-PBF, the present review aims to review the recent progress on metallic powders for L-PBF focusing on powder characterization, powder fabrication, and powder reuse. The methods of powder characterization and fabrication were presented in the beginning by analyzing the principles and corresponding advantages and limitations. Subsequently, the effect of powder reuse on the powder characteristics and mechanical performance of L-PBF parts is analyzed focusing on steels, nickel-based superalloys, Ti and Ti alloys, and Al alloys. The evolution trend of powders and as-printed parts varies for different alloy systems based on the existing studies, which makes the proposal of a unified reuse protocol infeasible. Finally, perspectives are presented to cater to the increasing applications of AM technologies for future investigations. The present state-of-the-art work can pave the way for the broad industrial applications of L-PBF by enhancing printing consistency and reducing the total cost from the perspective of powders.

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Reuse of Ti6Al4V Powder and Its Impact on Surface Tension, Melt Pool Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Components

Cited by 21 publications

References 57 publications

Powder Reuse in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of Ti6Al4V—Changes in Mechanical Properties during a Powder Top-Up Regime

Powder Reuse in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of Ti6Al4V—Changes in Mechanical Properties during a Powder Top-Up Regime

Cubic Lattice Structures of Ti6Al4V under Compressive Loading: Towards Assessing the Performance for Hard Tissue Implants Alternative

Characterization, preparation, and reuse of metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion: a review

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