Revamping Amphinomidae (Annelida: Amphinomida), with the inclusion of Notopygos

Abstract

This study revises the taxonomic status of the formerly monotypic Archinomidae, which is nested within paraphyletic Amphinomidae according to recent phylogenetic work. We focused our taxonomic sampling to evaluate the affinities of Notopygos and genera classified as ‘fusiform’ in body shape, including Archinome and Chloeia. Prior to this study, the phylogenetic placement of Notopygos had not been evaluated. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of Notopygos within Amphinomidae based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genetic divergences of five Notopygos species, including the newly described Notopygos kekooa sp. n. from the Gulf of California. The phylogenetic and morphological evidence, now including Notopygos species, justified the establishment of two subfamilies within Amphinomidae. In accordance with ICZN Article 36 (Principle of Coordination), both subfamilies are presented as status novus in the nomenclature ranks.

Getting to the root of fireworms' stinging chaetae—chaetal arrangement and ultrastructure of Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) (Amphinomida)

“…The latest molecular phylogenies suggest that Amphinomida consist of Euphrosinidae and Amphinomidae as sister taxa; the latter consist of Archinomidae and the monophyletic clade consisting of all remaining Amphinomidae (Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold, & Rouse, 2012;Borda et al, 2015;Wiklund, Nygren, Pleijel, & Sundberg, 2008). Since information on the structure and position of the acicula within the parapodia are available across all subgroups the following statements on the primary organization can be inferred from the phylogeny.…”

Myoanatomy and anterior muscle regeneration of the fireworm Eurythoe cf. complanata (Annelida: Amphinomidae)

“…Fireworms are well known to aquarists and divers, because of their name giving inflammatory substances like complanine (e.g., Nakamura et al, 2008). Many species are large and colorful animals associated with coral reefs, but several species also inhabit soft and rocky bottoms ranging from the intertidal to the deep sea (Borda et al, 2015). For decades, Amphinomidae were regarded as part of the Errantia, respectively Aciculata (e.g., Rouse and Fauchald, 1997), but recent molecular studies revealed their phylogenetic position as sister group to all Pleistoannelida (Sedentaria 1 Errantia), together with sipunculids (Andrade et al, in press;Weigert et al, 2014;Laumer et al, 2015;Struck et al, 2015).…”

Are Fireworms Venomous? Evidence for the Convergent Evolution of Toxin Homologs in Three Species of Fireworms (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

“…Phylogenetic tree of the family Amphinomidae with the genera that include the three fireworm species investigated here, highlighted in bold. Cladogram based on phylogenetic reconstruction from Borda et al. (2015) .…”