“…After conducting a review of relevant literature, it was discovered that numerous studies have explored and documented the knowledge, perceptions, and alternative ideas of both students and teachers concerning various Physics concepts such as force and motion (Christonasis & Kotsis, 2022;Liu & Fang, 2016;Lopez, 2003;Rowlands et al, 2005;Stylos et al, 2008;Temiz & Yavuz, 2014), gravity (Gonen, 2008;Kikas, 2004;Sneider & Ohadi, 1998), energy (Lee, 2016;Kotsis & Panagou, 2023;Stylos & Kotsis, 2021;Stylos et al, 2017;Yeh et al, 2017), electricity (Metioui, 2022;Moodley & Gaigher, 2019;Widodo et al, 2018), and environment (Gontas et al, 2020(Gontas et al, , 2021Goulgouti et al, 2019;Gavrilakis et al, 2017;Papanikolaou et al, 2020Papanikolaou et al, , 2021. In contrast to engineering, which deals with tangible and concrete objects (Yalvac et al, 2007), electromagnetic fields, waves, and radiation are abstract and intangible concepts (Griffiths, 2017) that are challenging to comprehend through direct observation or sensory experiences (Papoulis, 1977).…”