“…The terms involved in the EIS are R s , R ct , W , and CPE, representing equivalent series resistance, charge transfer resistance, Warburg impedance, and a constant phase element, respectively. 59 The intercept of the Nyquist plot with the real axis ( Z ′) provides equivalent series resistance, that is, the combination of the resistance of the electrolytic ion, the resistance of the electrode and the contact resistance existing between the interface of the electrode and the active substance. The charge transfer resistance ( R ct ) is the resistance generated at the interface between the active material-coated electrode and electrolyte.…”