Revealing the Influence of the Shape, Size, and Aspect Ratio of ZnO Nanoparticles on Antibacterial and Mechanical Performance of Cellulose Fibers Based Paper

Abstract

to its bulk counterparts. The improvement of some properties is due to the increase in surface area-high surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles enhance some of their properties at low concentrations and provides exceptional chemical and physical properties, i.e., high amount of surface active sites, good mechanical strength, and thermal stability. [2] Among transition metal oxides, ZnO nanomaterials are widely exploited in a number of fields, such as anti-UV additives, photocatalysis, chemical sensors, or piezoelectric transducers. [3] Moreover, ZnO nanoparticles have emerged as very efficient tool to prevent microbial proliferation due to excellent antibacterial activity against vast range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this case zinc oxide can be incorporated into textiles, surfaces coatings, cosmetics as well as cellulose fibers to inhibit microbial growth and to reduce the risk of illnesses, infections and food poisoning outbreaks. Along with other metal and metal-oxides nanoparticles such as silver or titanium compounds, ZnO has attracted considerable attention because it is regarded as a safe material for both humans and animals. [4] In addition to that only small amount of this material is required to exhibit strong antibacterial activity, which is attributed to the nanoscale surface effect, and surface/volume aspect.The mechanism of the antibacterial performance of ZnO has been widely discussed in the literature but it still remains under constant investigation. [5] According to researchers it is attributed to several viewpoints. It mainly involves the release of oxygen species from the surface of nanoparticles which cause the oxidative stress and fatal damage of microorganisms through cell wall and cell membrane decomposition and subsequent leakage of cell content. Another possible mechanism is the release of Zn + ions which can damage the cell membrane and penetrate intracellular content which mainly results from its solubility in the microorganisms containing medium. [6] Yet another important factor behind cell damage is the contact between the bacterial cell and the particle whereby microenvironment within the contact area is changed. Therefore, physical damage of bacteria cell wall can be induced which leads to its disintegration and eventual death of bacteria cell. [7] It isThe discovery and characterization of nanoparticles represent a multidisciplinary issue. Their properties and applications within many fields depend on their size, shape, aspect ratio, and so on. No single methodology can currently analyze all characteristics and reveal their influence on the specific performance. Here, antibacterial and mechanical properties are investigated of three different ZnO nanoparticles (cubes, rods, and pellets) incorporated in the cellulose matrix in order to examine the correlation between the physical and chemical characteristics and antibacterial/mechanical activities. Therefore, various particles of ZnO with different sizes, shapes, and aspect ratios are synthesized via simple pr...

Quasi‐Diamond Platelet‐Shaped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Display Enhanced Antibacterial Activity

“…These differences could allow different cell surface interactions with the nanostructures. [67][68][69][70][71] Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer, but gram-negative bacteria also have an outer membrane that can protect them from surface interactions with neZnO. [72] Moreover, surface charge interactions between the negative charge of neZnO and the positive charge of lipoteichoic acids in the peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria could be favored, which would lead to cell membrane damage and cellular death, as noted in previous comparable studies.…”

“…A higher sensitivity of S. aureus , a gram‐positive bacterium, could be explained by the differences in its cell wall composition compared to gram‐negative bacteria like E. coli . These differences could allow different cell surface interactions with the nanostructures [67–71] . Gram‐positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer, but gram‐negative bacteria also have an outer membrane that can protect them from surface interactions with neZnO [72] .…”

Sustainable bioactivity enhancement of ZnO–Ag nanoparticles in antimicrobial, antibiofilm, lung cancer, and photocatalytic applications

“…The heightened internalization process can amplify cytotoxicity because of the intensied interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and cellular constituents. 50,52 Babayevska et al (2022) synthesized a series of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibiting diverse morphologies and size distributions from the nanometer to the micrometer scale. The results obtained from the N 2 adsorption and desorption analysis indicate that ZnO nanoparticles and nanorods exhibit a greater specic surface area.…”

“…The heightened internalization process can amplify cytotoxicity because of the intensified interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and cellular constituents. 50,52…”

Paper‐based material with hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties: Advanced packaging materials for food applications

“…The inclusion of ZnO NPs has been shown to enhance the mechanical properties of materials while conferring antimicrobial attributes, as demonstrated by Ding et al (2021). Research by Onyszko et al (2022) has highlighted the substantial impact of ZnO NPs' shape, size, and aspect ratio on both the antimicrobial efficacy and the mechanical behavior of cellulose-based papers. However, it is noteworthy that relying solely on ZnO NPs provides minimal improvement in the mechanical properties of cellulosebased materials.…”