Revealing the Innovations in Late Medieval Roof Structures of Finland

Abstract

In Scandinavia and Finland, nearly all constructions, including monumental and sacral architecture, used only timber until the 11th century. In Finland, timber remained the dominant construction material until the 19th century. Due to many fires, wars, and other catastrophic events, the number of still-standing wooden buildings and constructions erected before industrialization is very limited. Medieval wooden buildings can only be found in archaeological excavations, and the last remaining medieval load-bearing wooden structures are preserved in the medieval stone churches. While medieval roof constructions have been widely researched elsewhere in Europe, a comprehensive understanding of medieval roof constructions in Finland is largely lacking. This article presents an ongoing study of roof structures in Finnish medieval stone churches, focusing on two churches, Pernaja and Hammarland, which provide evidence of the transition from tie beam roof trusses to roof trusses without a tie beam. We examine the typology of the trusses, and present new results based on a comparison of the churches and dendrochronological analyses. Finally, we discuss possible explanations for the structural innovations and the emergence of the roof truss without a tie beam in a wider cultural context.

Developing millennial tree-ring chronology for Turku (Åbo) and comparing palaeoclimaticsignals inferred from archaeological, subfossil and living Pinus sylvestris datain Southwest Finland

“…The Turku chronology developed in this study represents sites where no such long tree-ring record have been previously presented and published. In the areas around the Baltic Proper, living-tree chronologies built previously from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) tree rings have been similarly extended back in time using pinewood samples from historical buildings (Bartholin, 1991;Zetterberg, 1991;Vitas, 2008;Zielski et al, 2010;Savolainen et al, 2023). Moreover, subfossil samples unearthed from natural archives of south boreal forested ecosystems have been used to construct late Holocene tree-ring chronologies (Lindholm et al, 1998(Lindholm et al, -1999Helama et al, 2005Helama et al, , 2017b.…”