Revealingness, Ingratiation, and the Disclosure of Self

Levin, Fredrica Mann; Allen, Kenneth

doi:10.1037/e463442008-227

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Jones and Wortman (1973) defined ingratiation as a "class of strategic behaviors explicitly designed to influence a particular other person concerning the attractiveness of one's personal qualities" (p. 2). Levin and Gergen (1969) investigated the relationship between ingratiation and self-disclosure by instructing students to fill out selfratings that would enhance their partner's liking for them. With the ingratiation instructions, persons disclosed more positive information than those who did not receive such instructions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should I Brag? Nature and Impact of Positive and Boastful Disclosures for Women and Men

et al. 1992

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What is the nature of a "positive" disclosure versus a "boastful" one? How are those who use these different types of disclosures differentially construed? A set ofthree studies was designed to investigate three general issues. Study 1 asked respondents to rate characters who disclosed in R boastful, positive, or negative fashion. Boasters and positive disclosers were viewed as more competent than negative disclosers, negative and positive disclosers were viewed as more socially sensitive than boasters, and positive disclosers were best liked. In Study 2, the gender of the target disclosing positively or boastfully was manipulated. Compared to the boaster, the positive discloser was rated as more socially involved and feminine (less masculine) but less competent. Polarized judgments were made by both genders. Study 3 had individuals generate "boasts" and "positiw statements." The few gender differences that emerged suggest that although females' bragging strategies may be less extreme or extensive, it is only when gender information is known that the brags of men and women are dijferentially construed. The present work suggests that men and women, as perceivers, may differentially activate cognitive structures (involving social involvement andfemininity, on one hand, and competence and masculinity, on the other) when evaluating men versus women. The nature of the communication itself(boasts being perceived as more masculineand positivedisclosures as more feminine) may exacerbate such differential activation in the construction of "mental models" of another's communication. 've recently been promoted to Assistant Supervisor in the marketing research department in my company. It's about I time! I ' m the hardest working and most dedicated employee my company has ever seen. On top of that, I get along well with

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should I Brag? Nature and Impact of Positive and Boastful Disclosures for Women and Men

et al. 1992

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“…Trust is related to the understanding one has of others’ likely responses to personal vulnerability, also referred to as an internal working model of relationships with others (Mount 2005 ). In particular, trust in others has been linked to the amount of information self-disclosed to another (Levin and Gergen 1969 ; Pearce 1974 ). A positive and trusting relationship between parents and adolescents creates an open way of communication about adolescents’ daily activities, thoughts and feelings (Deković et al 2004 ).…”

Section: Mediation Through Parental Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent-Parent Attachment and Externalizing Behavior: The Mediating Role of Individual and Social Factors

Vries

Hoeve

Stams

et al. 2015

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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The aim of this study was to test whether the associations between adolescent-parent attachment and externalizing problem behavior of adolescents were mediated by adolescent cognitive distortions, self-esteem, parental monitoring and association with deviant peers. A total of 102 adolescents (71 % male; aged 12–19 years) at risk for developing delinquent behaviors reported on attachment, parental monitoring, aggressive and delinquent behavior and peers. Mediation effects were tested by using structural equation modeling. Different pathways were found depending on the type of externalizing behavior. The association between attachment and direct and indirect aggressive behavior was mediated by cognitive distortions. The relation between attachment and delinquency was mediated by deviant peers and parental monitoring. We argue that clinical practice should focus on the attachment relationship between adolescent and parents in order to positively affect risk and protective factors for adolescents’ aggressive and delinquent behavior.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9999-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…It is unusual to find a continuing relationship in which one person has disclosed considerably more than the other, and erroneous perceptions of the extent to which both have disclosed consistently exaggerate symmetry. The best documented characteristic of self-disclosing communication is that as disclosure by one person increases, so does that by the other (Jourard and Landsman, 1960;Jourard and Resnick, 1970;Jourard and Jaffee, 1970;Ehrlich and Graeven, 1971;Levinger and Senn, 1967;Cozby, 1972;Levin and Gergen, 1969). Unfortunately, these studies often confounded actual and perceived similarity in disclosure.…”

Section: Self-disclosure Usually Occurs In Dyadismentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Disclosing Communication

Pearce¹,

Sharp²

1973

Journal of Communication

145

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Self-disclosure is a relatifiely infrequent form of communicaticn but one which is claimed to be important in a variety of contexts. Various writers have identified individuals' ability and willingness to self-disclose as determinants of their personal health and satisfaction, success in being imderstood and working competently with others, and ability to provide communication experiences which others find satisfying and therapeutic. This paper summarizes the contributions of the self-disclosure literature for an understanding of self-disclosing communication. Although this literature i s extensive, a considerable portion of it is irrelevant from a communication perspective. Conceptualizations of self-disclosure differ in important ways, making it difficult to compare studies. Further, much of the research studied self-disclosure as a personality trait rather than a process of com mtrnication or analyzed exchanges of messages in terms of a linear model of communication. The present study explicates a conceptualization of self-disclosure as an invitation to share experience and communication as an interpersonal transaction. Five generalizations about self-disclosing communication consistent with these conceptualizations are drawn from the literoture. The utility of the review for analyses of particular communication problems is described.According to Jourard ( 1964: 3 ) , communicators continually confront the choice whether to "permit our fellow men to know us as we now are or . . . ( t o ) seek instead to remain an enigma, an uncertain quantity, wishing to be seen as something we are not." To some extent, Jourard has posed a false dilemma because speakers reveal something of themselves whenever they speak. Watzlawick, Beavin and Jackson ( 1967) believe that all messages contain information about the speaker's perception of the relationship between himself and his auditors, and other analyses describe multiple message systems which, particularly in oral speech, function independently of the intended verbal content. For example, nuances of word choice (Wiener and Mehrabian, 1968) and nonverbal properties of the voice (Pearce and Conklin, 1971;Pearce and Brommel, 1972) enable listeners to draw systematic inferences about the speaker.Although speakers are frequently oblivious of and sometimes try to suppress these cues, under some conditions individuals

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Revealingness, Ingratiation, and the Disclosure of Self

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Should I Brag? Nature and Impact of Positive and Boastful Disclosures for Women and Men

Should I Brag? Nature and Impact of Positive and Boastful Disclosures for Women and Men

Adolescent-Parent Attachment and Externalizing Behavior: The Mediating Role of Individual and Social Factors

Self-Disclosing Communication

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