Revelation of bioremediation approaches for hexachlorocyclohexane degradation in soil

Integrated Phytobial Remediation of Dissolved Pollutants from Domestic Wastewater through Constructed Wetlands: An Interactive Macrophyte-Microbe-Based Green and Low-Cost Decontamination Technology with Prospective Resource Recovery

“…Hyperaccumulators uptake high amounts of metal(loid)s, TEs, or other inorganics through their roots, shoots, and leaves from surrounding soil and water, transport, and accumulate or concentrate them above ground in their foliage or other aerial vegetative and reproductive plant parts [53]. However, most hyperaccumulators are slowly growing, increasing the overall phytoremediation time [54]. Notably, accumulator species like low-metal-accumulating, fast-growing, and high-biomass-producing plants or perennial grasses (with deep and extensive roots) can also perform phytoextraction efficiently and remove significant amounts of soil contaminants; moreover, they can thrive in moist soils [55].…”

“…To minimize the risk of incorporating toxic substances into the food chain from soil and efficient recovery, the concept and practice of phytomining (the mining of phytoextracted metals) have been evolving rapidly, where pollutants are usually concentrated in a relatively smaller biomass volume than the initial contaminated sediment or soil during disposal. As a low level of contaminating inorganics remains in the soil after harvest, the process of growth and harvest usually needs to be repeated via several rounds of cropping to achieve considerable clean-up [54]. Some researchers have reported on the phyto-management of the biomass of ornamental plants used in composting compaction, biogas production, mat making, and fly ash brick production [58].…”