Reverse Electrodialysis: Co- and Counterflow Optimization of Multistage Configurations for Maximum Energy Efficiency

Veerman, J.A.

doi:10.3390/membranes10090206

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…To avoid ionic short-circuiting, the length of the connecting tube between the two electrodes (ERS must pass one over each other before making the closed loop) is chosen to be 65 cm long with a tubing resistance of 142 MΩ. As the tubing resistance is higher by an order of magnitude than R i the internal resistance of the RED deviceno short-circuit losses are expected . Commercial ion-separation membranes are selected: AEM FAS-PET-75anion-exchange membrane and CEM FKS-PET-75cation-exchange membrane (Fumasep) with a thickness of 75 μm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the tubing resistance is higher by an order of magnitude than R i —the internal resistance of the RED device—no short-circuit losses are expected. 74 Commercial ion-separation membranes are selected: AEM FAS-PET-75—anion-exchange membrane and CEM FKS-PET-75—cation-exchange membrane (Fumasep) with a thickness of 75 μm. Membranes tend to expand when in contact with water, so they are presoaked in DI water for 72 h, and later holes for the screws are punched.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineering Electrode Rinse Solution Fluidics for Carbon-Based Reverse Electrodialysis Devices

Platek-Mielczarek,

Lang,

Töpperwien

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Natural salinity gradients are a promising source of so-called “blue energy”, a renewable energy source that utilizes the free energy of mixing for power generation. One promising blue energy technology that converts these salinity gradients directly into electricity is reverse electrodialysis (RED). Used at its full potential, it could provide a substantial portion of the world’s electricity consumption. Previous theoretical and experimental works have been done on optimizing RED devices, with the latter often focusing on precious and expensive metal electrodes. However, in order to rationally design and apply RED devices, we need to investigate all related transport phenomenaespecially the fluidics of salinity gradient mixing and the redox electrolyte at various concentrations, which can have complex intertwined effectsin a fully functioning and scalable system. Here, guided by fundamental electrochemical and fluid dynamics theories, we work with an iron-based redox electrolyte with carbon electrodes in a RED device with tunable microfluidic environments and study the fundamental effects of electrolyte concentration and flow rate on the potential-driven redox activity and power output. We focus on optimizing the net power output, which is the difference between the gross power output generated by the RED device and the pumping power input, needed for salinity gradient mixing and redox electrolyte reactions. We find through this holistic approach that the electrolyte concentration in the electrode rinse solution is crucial for increasing the electrical current, while the pumping power input depends nonlinearly on the membrane separation distance. Finally, from this understanding, we designed a five cell-pair (CP) RED device that achieved a net power density of 224 mW m–2 CP–1, a 60% improvement compared to the nonoptimized case. This study highlights the importance of the electrode rinse solution fluidics and composition when rationally designing RED devices based on scalable carbon-based electrodes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Electrode Rinse Solution Fluidics for Carbon-Based Reverse Electrodialysis Devices

Platek-Mielczarek,

Lang,

Töpperwien

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…In addition, multiple stages can be designed with a different number of cell pairs or with different membrane types to further enhance the process [16,17,40]. Multi-stage configurations and other systems with electrode segmentation were investigated in ED [11,12,14,16,17,[40][41][42], as well as in other electro-membrane processes as reverse electrodialysis (RED) [43][44][45][46][47], ED with bipolar membranes [48], electrochemical fuel cells [49,50], and redox flow batteries [51,52]. Several studies showed that multi-staging is a strategy that offers interesting solutions to ensure that the ED stacks can work more efficiently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current distribution along electrodialysis stacks and its influence on the current-voltage curve: behaviour from near-zero current to limiting plateau

et al. 2023

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“…The electrode solution containing redox couples circulates between the two electrode compartments [5]. An oxidation-reduction reaction occurs on the electrode surfaces at both ends of the stack, and the electrons generated move through an external circuit connecting both electrodes, generating electricity [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface-Modified Pore-Filled Anion-Exchange Membranes for Efficient Energy Harvesting via Reverse Electrodialysis

Lee,

Kim,

Kang

2023

Membranes

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In this study, novel pore-filled anion-exchange membranes (PFAEMs) modified with polypyrrole (PPy) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were developed to improve the energy harvesting performance of reverse electrodialysis (RED). The surface-modified PFAEMs were fabricated by varying the contents of PPy and rGO through simple spin coating and chemical/thermal treatments. It was confirmed that the PPy and PPy/rGO layers introduced on the membrane surface did not significantly increase the electrical resistance of the membrane and could effectively control surface characteristics, such as structural tightness, hydrophilicity, and electrostatic repulsion. The PPy/rGO-modified PFAEM showed excellent monovalent ion selectivity, more than four times higher than that of the commercial membrane (AMX, Astom Corp., Tokyo, Japan). This means that the PPy/rGO layer can effectively reduce the permeation of multivalent ions with a high charge intensity and a relatively large hydration radius compared to monovalent ions. The results of evaluating the performance of the surface-modified PFAEMs by applying them to a RED cell revealed that the decrease in potential difference occurring in the membrane was reduced by effectively suppressing the uphill transport of multivalent ions. Consequently, the PPy/rGO-modified membrane exhibited a 5.43% higher power density than the AMX membrane.

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Reverse Electrodialysis: Co- and Counterflow Optimization of Multistage Configurations for Maximum Energy Efficiency

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Engineering Electrode Rinse Solution Fluidics for Carbon-Based Reverse Electrodialysis Devices

Engineering Electrode Rinse Solution Fluidics for Carbon-Based Reverse Electrodialysis Devices

Current distribution along electrodialysis stacks and its influence on the current-voltage curve: behaviour from near-zero current to limiting plateau

Surface-Modified Pore-Filled Anion-Exchange Membranes for Efficient Energy Harvesting via Reverse Electrodialysis

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