Reverse iontophoresis for non-invasive transdermal monitoring

Leboulanger, Benoît; Guy, Richard H.; Delgado‐Charro, M. Begoña

doi:10.1088/0967-3334/25/3/r01

Cited by 126 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Reverse iontophoresis is one such approach and uses a small electric current to painlessly enhance the transport of charged ions and polar, neutral compounds across the skin (1,2). The singular advantage of iontophoresis is that the level and duration of current applied directly controls molecular transport, irrespective of whether the principal mechanism involved is electromigration or electroosmosis (2Y5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Urea and Potassium by Reverse Iontophoresis In Vitro

et al. 2007

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Purpose. Reverse iontophoresis is an alternative to blood sampling for the monitoring of endogenous molecules. Here, the potential of the technique to measure urea and potassium levels non-invasively, and to track their concentrations during hemodialysis, has been examined. Materials and Methods. In vitro experiments were performed to test (a) a series of subdermal urea and potassium concentrations typical of the pathophysiologic range, and (b) a decreasing profile of urea and potassium subdermal concentrations to mimic those which are observed during hemodialysis. Results. (a) After 60Y120 min of iontophoresis, linear relationships (p<0.05) were established between both urea and potassium fluxes and their respective subdermal concentrations. The determination coefficients were above 0.9 after 1 h of current passage using sodium as an internal standard. (b) Reverse iontophoretic fluxes of urea and K + closely paralleled the decay of the respective concentrations in the subdermal compartment, as would occur during a hemodialysis session. Conclusions. These in vitro experiments demonstrate that urea and potassium can be quantitatively and proportionately extracted by reverse iontophoresis, even when the subdermal concentrations of the analytes are varying with time. These results suggest the non-invasive monitoring of urea and potassium to diagnose renal failure and during hemodialysis is feasible, and that in vivo measurements are warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Urea and Potassium by Reverse Iontophoresis In Vitro

et al. 2007

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“…Potential applications in clinical chemistry and therapeutic drug monitoring have been identified. Iontophoresis involves the application of a small electrical current (<0.5 mA/cm 2 ) to the skin (16,17) and results in enhanced transport across the membrane via two possible mechanisms (18)(19)(20). The first, electromigration, only concerns ions, which carry the current through the skin toward the electrode of opposite polarity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse Iontophoresis as a Noninvasive Tool for Lithium Monitoring and Pharmacokinetic Profiling

et al. 2004

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Purpose. Transdermal iontophoresis was investigated as a noninvasive tool for drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic profiling. Lithium, a frequently monitored drug, was used as a model. The objectives were a) to demonstrate the linear dependence of the iontophoretic extraction flux of lithium on the subdermal concentration of the drug, b) to evaluate the capacity of iontophoresis to monitor sudden changes in the subdermal level, c) to investigate the utility of reverse iontophoresis as a tool in pharmacokinetic studies, and d) to examine the validity of an internal standard calibration procedure to render the method completely noninvasive. Methods. Transdermal, iontophoretic extraction was performed in vitro using dermatomed pig-ear skin. The subdermal solution consisted of a physiological buffer containing lithium chloride at concentrations in the therapeutic range and two putative internal standards, sodium and potassium, at fixed physiological levels. The subdermal concentration of lithium was changed either in a stepwise fashion or by simulating one of two pharmacokinetic profiles. Results. Lithium was extracted via electromigration to the cathode. A excellent correlation between subdermal lithium concentration and iontophoretic extraction flux was observed. Iontophoresis tracked sudden concentration changes and followed kinetic profiles. In addition, the effective elimination rate constant could be directly, and noninvasively, estimated from the extraction flux data. Conclusions. Reverse iontophoresis is a potentially useful and noninvasive tool for lithium monitoring.

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“…Skin is the largest organ of the body with an area of approximately 2m 2 , and provides a comprehensive and accessible surface for drug extraction from the subdermal region. Th e stratum corneum, outermost layer of skin, composed of dead, fl at skin cells and is mainly responsible for its barrier function.…”

Section: Extraction Of Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this contest, skin provides a unique gateway for noninvasive transdermal drug monitoring. Th e application of electric current across the skin could be used to extract the endogenous molecules within or beneath the skin [2]. In recent days, reverse iontophoresis technique has been attempted for the non invasive drug monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%