2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.02.008
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Reverse osmosis desalination: A state-of-the-art review

Abstract: Water scarcity is a grand challenge that has always stimulated research interests in finding effective means for pure water production. In this context, reverse osmosis (RO) is considered the leading and the most optimized membrane-based desalination process that is currently dominating the desalination market. In this review, various aspects of RO desalination are reviewed. Theories and models related to concentration polarization and membrane transport, as well as merits and drawbacks of these models in pred… Show more

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Cited by 960 publications
(377 citation statements)
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References 479 publications
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“…Interfacial polymerization (IP) is the current state‐of‐the‐art for producing thin‐film composite (TFC) membranes . This process produces a tight separation layer of the composite membranes where the selective separation of salts or low molecular weight molecules from a mixed feed is not always feasible.…”
Section: Water Permeance and Molecular Separation Behavior Of The Polmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Interfacial polymerization (IP) is the current state‐of‐the‐art for producing thin‐film composite (TFC) membranes . This process produces a tight separation layer of the composite membranes where the selective separation of salts or low molecular weight molecules from a mixed feed is not always feasible.…”
Section: Water Permeance and Molecular Separation Behavior Of The Polmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) play a crucial role in the production of potable water from waste, brackish and seawater [1][2][3]. The main active components of RO desalination plants are thin film composite (TFC) membranes composed of three polymeric layers with a total thickness of~140 to~300 ”m.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reverse osmosis (RO) is a desalination process that removes salts and minerals from seawater or brackish water with a salinity of total dissolved solids (TDS) of~1000-60,000 mg/L to produce clean water with less than 500 mg/L TDS [1]. The RO process currently produces about 50% of the total desalinated water available worldwide [2]; however, it also yields a huge amount of further concentrated brines (or RO reject water) with over~10,000 mg/L TDS as a waste byproduct.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently, all desalination plants (e.g., RO, nanofiltration, multi-stage flash) globally produce 51.7 billion m 3 of concentrated brines every year,~38% of the volume of which is RO reject water (i.e.,~19.6 billion m 3 /year worldwide) [3]. The RO reject water is generally discharged to the sea or local bodies of water, which changes their salinity, alkalinity, and/or water temperature, resulting in significant negative environmental impacts [2]. Thus, various technologies designed to minimize or reuse RO reject water have been developed, such as evaporation and crystallization, forward osmosis, membrane distillation, electrodialysis, and zero discharge desalination; however, all these technologies demand substantial additional costs [2,4,5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%