“…Low-cost renewable energy, such as energy conversion reactions to replace fossil fuels, has long been studied, but fundamental and substantial improvements remain a challenge. 1,2 Moreover, the growing demand for renewable energy increases the need to develop alternative energy and storage systems, such as fuel cells, [3][4][5][6] water splitting, [7][8][9][10] and metal-air batteries. [11][12][13] As part of these systems, catalysis and catalyst design in half-cell reactions, such as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), have attracted considerable attention and include fundamental and applied studies.…”