Reversible Data Hiding in Homomorphic Encrypted Domain by Mirroring Ciphertext Group

Xiang, Shijun; Xiuzhi, Luo

doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2017.2742023

Cited by 129 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…To cope with the compressed images, [98] proposes a separable RDH for encrypted JPEG bitstreams, where the original bitstream is losslessly reconstructed using an iterative recovery algorithm. In [99], a RDH-EI is designed using homomorphic multiplication and probabilistic properties of Paillier cryptosystem, where the embedding room is reserved before encryption.…”

Section: Signal Processing In the Encrypted Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review

Zhang

Xie

2019

Journal of Information Security and Applications

148

121

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This paper aims to review the encountered technical contradictions when an attacker meets the cipher-images encrypted by the image encryption schemes (algorithms) proposed in 2018 from the viewpoint of an image cryptanalyst. The most representative works among them are selected and classified according to their essential structures. Almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed due to their small number. The challenging problems on design and analysis of image encryption schemes are summarized to receive the attentions of both designers and attackers (cryptanalysts) of image encryption schemes, which may promote solving scenario-oriented image security problems with new technologies.

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Section: Signal Processing In the Encrypted Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review

Zhang

Xie

2019

Journal of Information Security and Applications

148

121

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show abstract

“…Due to the development of outsourced storage in the cloud, reversible watermarking in an encrypted domain has been developed for security in the cloud [1][2][3][4]. However, the cloud cannot introduce distortion of original content during watermark embedding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RRBE method reserves embedding room before encrypting the original image [12][13][14][15]. For example, the vacated bits, which are reserved by self-embedding before encryption, can be substituted by the watermark in the encrypted domain [4]. With the development of reversible watermarking [16,17], the original image can be restored absolutely after extracting the watermark.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homomorphic Encryption-Based Robust Reversible Watermarking for 3D Model

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Symmetry

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Robust reversible watermarking in an encrypted domain is a technique that preserves privacy and protects copyright for multimedia transmission in the cloud. In general, most models of buildings and medical organs are constructed by three-dimensional (3D) models. A 3D model shared through the internet can be easily modified by an unauthorized user, and in order to protect the security of 3D models, a robust reversible 3D models watermarking method based on homomorphic encryption is necessary. In the proposed method, a 3D model is divided into non-overlapping patches, and the vertex in each patch is encrypted by using the Paillier cryptosystem. On the cloud side, in order to utilize addition and multiplication homomorphism of the Paillier cryptosystem, three direction values of each patch are computed for constructing the corresponding histogram, which is shifted to embed watermark. For obtaining watermarking robustness, the robust interval is designed in the process of histogram shifting. The watermark can be extracted from the symmetrical direction histogram, and the original encrypted model can be restored by histogram shifting. Moreover, the process of watermark embedding and extraction are symmetric. Experimental results show that compared with the existing watermarking methods in encrypted 3D models, the quality of the decrypted model is improved. Moreover, the proposed method is robust to common attacks, such as translation, scaling, and Gaussian noise.

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“…Zhang's method vacates room by histogram shrinking and uses WPC to embed additional data. Xiang et al [23] proposed a RDH-EI algorithm based on mirroring ciphertext groups (MCGs) by using the homomorphic and probabilistic characteristics of the Paillier cryptosystem. In summary, using the homomorphic characteristics of public key cryptography for RDH-EI is the latest research hotspot, which we call reversible data hiding in homomorphic encrypted image (RDH-HEI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible Data Hiding Scheme in Homomorphic Encrypted Image Based on EC-EG

et al. 2019

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To combine homomorphic public key encryption with reversible data hiding, a reversible data hiding scheme in homomorphic encrypted image based on EC-EG is proposed. Firstly, the cover image is segmented. The square grid pixel group randomly selected by the image owner has one reference pixel and eight target pixels. The n least significant bits (LSBs) of the reference pixel and all bits of target pixel are self-embedded into other parts of the image by a method of predictive error expansion (PEE). To avoid overflowing when embedding data, the n LSBs of the reference pixel are reset to zero before encryption. Then, the pixel values of the image are encrypted after being encoded onto the points of the elliptic curve. The encrypted reference pixel replaces the encrypted target pixels surrounding it, thereby constructing the mirroring central ciphertext (MCC). In a set of MCC, the data hider embeds the encrypted additional data into the n LSBs of the target pixels by homomorphic addition in ciphertexts, while the reference pixel remains unchanged. The receiver can directly extract additional data by homomorphic subtraction in ciphertexts between the target pixels and the corresponding reference pixel; extract the additional data by subtraction in plaintexts with the directly decrypted image; and restore the cover image without loss. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme has higher security than the similar algorithms, and the average embedding rate of the scheme is 0.25 bpp under the premise of ensuring the quality of the directly decrypted image.

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Reversible Data Hiding in Homomorphic Encrypted Domain by Mirroring Ciphertext Group

Cited by 129 publications

References 31 publications

When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review

When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review

Homomorphic Encryption-Based Robust Reversible Watermarking for 3D Model

Reversible Data Hiding Scheme in Homomorphic Encrypted Image Based on EC-EG

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