Cucurbiturils (CBs),
barrel-shaped macrocyclic molecules, are capable
of self-assembling at the surface of nanomaterials in their native
state, via their carbonyl-ringed portals. However, the symmetrical
two-portal structure typically leads to aggregated nanomaterials.
We demonstrate that fluorescent quantum dot (QD) aggregates linked
with CBs can be broken-up, retaining CBs adsorbed at their surface,
via inclusion of guests in the CB cavity. Simultaneously, the QD surface
is modified by a functional tail on the guest, thus the high affinity
host–guest binding (logK
a >
9)
enables a non-covalent, click-like modification of the nanoparticles
in aqueous solution. We achieved excellent modification efficiency
in several functional QD conjugates as protein labels. Inclusion of
weaker-binding guests (logK
a = 4–6)
enables subsequent displacement with stronger binders, realising modular
switchable surface chemistries. Our general “hook-and-eye”
approach to host–guest chemistry at nanomaterial interfaces
will lead to divergent routes for nano-architectures with rich functionalities
for theranostics and photonics in aqueous systems.