Review and Assessment of Water Resources in the Arab Region

Shahin, Mamdouh

doi:10.1080/02508068908692109

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…4), but in groundwater-based countries, which already suffer from water stress, population growth will exacerbate the already existing water crisis. In surface water-based countries, the absolute water availability per capita will exceed the threshold of 500 m 3 /year/capita that defines water stress (Morocco, Egypt, Shahin (1996). Note that the values in this figure are different from those reported in Table 1, Sudan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq) in 2025.…”

Section: Yearcontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…2. Overall, total population is expected to grow from 309 million in 2000 to about 651 million in 2030 (data from Shahin 1996). Water availability varies by several orders of magnitudes for the different countries in the MENA region and so fresh water availability per capita ranges from highly water stressed countries like Jordan (200 m 3 /year/capita) to less water-stressed counties like Iraq (4,340 m 3 /year/capita; Fig.…”

Section: Population Growth Water Scarcity and Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa

2010

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Through an examination of global climate change models combined with hydrological data on deteriorating water quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), we elucidate the ways in which the MENA countries are vulnerable to climate-induced impacts on water resources. Adaptive governance strategies, however, remain a low priority for political leaderships in the MENA region. To date, most MENA governments have concentrated the bulk of their resources on largescale supply side projects such as desalination, dam construction, inter-basin water transfers, tapping fossil groundwater aquifers, and importing virtual water. Because managing water demand, improving the efficiency of water use, and promoting conservation will be key ingredients in responding to climate-induced impacts on the water sector, we analyze the political, economic, and institutional drivers that have shaped governance responses. While the scholarly literature emphasizes the importance of social capital to adaptive governance, we find that many political leaders and water experts in the MENA rarely engage societal actors in considering water risks. We conclude that the key capacities for adaptive governance to water scarcity in MENA are underdeveloped.The authors share equal responsibility for the content and analysis herein.

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Section: Yearcontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Population Growth Water Scarcity and Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa

2010

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“…All presented data in this section is based on own estimates originating from Beaumont (1998), Erdem (2002), Kavvas et al (2011), Kolars (1994), Sener (2007) and Shahin (1989). The problem of non-comparable data steams from applying different methods for water quantity assessments.…”

Section: River Data For the Tigris Euphrates And Its Tributaries 4mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parameters ca,g,i,r costs of consumption at node i in region r for group g in period a c_stori costs of storage at node i d_maxa,g,i maximum demand at node i for group g in period a d_mina,g,i minimum demand at node i for group g in period a d_refa,g,i known reference demand at node i for group g in period a evapa,i evaporation at node i in period a f _maxi,j maximum flow on arc(i,j) f _mini,j minimum flow on arc(i,j) ma,g,i slope of linear demand function at node i for group g in period a na,g,i prohibitive price at node i for group g in period a preca,i precipitation at node i in period a p_refg,i known reference price at node i for group g returng return flow factor for group g stor_maxi maximum storage capacity at node i ηg price elasticity of demand for group g Variables da,g,i,r demand at node i in region r for group g in period a d_areaa,g,i,r area below demand function at node i in region r for group g in period a f lowa,i,j flow on arc(i,j) in period a stor_ina,i,r incoming storage controlled by region r at node i in period a stor_outa,i,r outgoing storage controlled by region r at node i in period a z welfare VIII 9 APPENDIX Kavvas, et al (2011), Kolars (1994, Sener (2007), and Shahin(1989).…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

WATER-Model: An Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Turkey, Syria and Iraq

Oei

Siehlow

2014

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Political instability of several countries in the Middle East is overshadowing one of the biggest challenges of the upcoming century: Water -a natural resource that is easily taken for granted, but whose scarcity might lead to serious conflicts. This paper investigates an optimal Water Allocation of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivershed by introducing the WATER-Model. A series of scenarios are analyzed to examine the effects of different levels of cooperation for an optimal water allocation. Special emphasize is put on the effects of filling new Turkish reservoirs which can cause additional welfare losses if these actions are not done on a basin-wide coordinated basis. Modeling results show that Turkey is most efficient in its water usage. However, using the water for irrigation purposes in Turkey, instead of the Iraqi or Syrian domestic and industrial sector, decreases the overall welfare. Especially the Euphrates basin might thus encounter losses of up to 33% due to such strategic behaviour. The predicted water demand growth in the region is going to increase this water scarcity further. Minimum flow treaties between riparian countries, however, can help to increase the overall welfare and should therefore be fostered. Terms of use: Documents in

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“…As a consequence, modern "rights-based" disputes often take the form of upstream riparians, such as Ethiopia and Turkey, arguing in favour of the doctrine of absolute sovereignty, with downstream riparians taking the position of historic rights. For examples of these respective positions, see the exchange between Jovanovic (1985) and Shahin (1989) in the respective issues of Water International about the Nile and the descriptions of political claims along the Euphrates in Kolars & Mitchell (1991).…”

Section: Institutional Arrangementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Institutional resilience and climate variability in international water treaties: the Jordan River Basin as “proof-of-concept”

Odom

Wolf

2011

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Climate-driven changes in precipitation distribution have implications for the long-term sustainability of international water-sharing and hydropower agreements. This research analyses water allocation methods, estimates the resilience of existing water supply arrangements, and examines the role of modified institutional arrangements in addressing possible vulnerabilities in transboundary basins. Specifically, we analyse the resilience of the 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace during climate extremes. While the absence of a drought provision in the Treaty left Jordan and Israel vulnerable to drought-induced conflict, the Treaty did establish a Joint Water Committee (JWC) to resolve conflicts without making permanent amendments to the original agreement. During the drought of 1998/99, Israeli and Jordanian members of the JWC brokered a temporary arrangement to modify allocations in order to reflect water availability. Even though water availability restricted the parties from fulfilling Treaty obligations, the institutional arrangement created by the Treaty enabled the parties to peacefully cooperate in time of severe drought.Key words institutional capacity; resilience; adaptation; drought; flood; transboundary waters; treaties; Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database (TFDD); Israel; Jordan Résilience institutionnelle et variabilité climatique dans les traités internationaux de l'eau: illustration avec le Bassin du Fleuve JourdainRésumé Les changements dans la distribution des précipitations induits par le climat ont des implications vis-à-vis de la durabilité à long terme des accords internationaux de partage de l'eau et d'hydroélectricité. Cette recherche analyse les méthodes d'allocation de l'eau, estime la résilience des accords actuels d'approvisionnement en eau, et examine le rôle que pourraient avoir des accords institutionnels modifiés vis-à-vis des éventuelles vulnérabilités dans les bassins transfrontaliers. En particulier, nous analysons la résilience en période d'extrême climatique du traité de paix de 1994 entre Israël et la Jordanie. Alors que l'absence de clause de sécheresse dans le traité rend la Jordanie et Israël vulnérables à un conflit induit par la sécheresse, le traité a établi un comité conjoint sur l'eau (CCE) pour résoudre les conflits sans nécessiter d'amendements pérennes de l'accord d'origine. Durant la sécher-esse de 1998/99, les Israéliens et les Jordaniens membres du CCE ont établi un accord temporaire pour modifier les allocations afin de tenir compte des disponibilités en eau. Même si la disponibilité en eau ne permettait pas aux parties de remplir les obligations du traité, l'accord institutionnel créé par le Traité a permis aux parties de coopérer pacifiquement en période de sécheresse sévère.

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Review and Assessment of Water Resources in the Arab Region

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa

Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa

WATER-Model: An Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Turkey, Syria and Iraq

Institutional resilience and climate variability in international water treaties: the Jordan River Basin as “proof-of-concept”

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