“…The literature on language revival and revitalization efforts tends to concentrate on the medium of instruction (MOI) in secondary school settings, which are seen as the ultimate sites for the production of new speakers (e.g., Chevalier, 2017;Heidemann, 2014;Malone, 2003;McCarty, 2008;Todal, 2018). The research on MOI in higher education (HE) predominantly focuses on the implementation of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) programs (e.g., Baker & Hüttner, 2017;Breeze & Guinda, 2021;Curle et al, 2022;Dearden, 2014;Doiz et al, 2012;Hu & Lei, 2014;Kirkgöz & Karaka, 2022;Rose & McKinley, 2018;Wilkinson & Gabriëls, 2021) and pressure of EMI on medium-sized and minority languages and local cultures (Coleman, 2006;Parera, 2018;Ram, 2018;Rose & Galloway, 2019;Tsui & Tollefson, 2003;Vila & Bretxa, 2014).…”