Review and Perspectives of Coated Proppant Technology

Liu, Pingli; Huang, Qisheng; Li, Jun; Du, Juan; Xiao, Lü; Liu, Changlong; Lan, Xitang

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c03816

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…This shields electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged surfactant head groups. While inorganic salts can reduce surfactant efficacy in some instances, 51,52 the interaction energy between LES and DETA in CRF significantly exceeds that between salts and surfactants, indicating that surfactant effectiveness is not compromised by salt. In such conditions, the solution can form anionic wormlike micelles that are long and flexible, and these micelles may be wound into a transient network, resulting in a high viscosity of the sample.…”

Section: Cryo-tem Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO₂ Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs

Gao,

Xu,

Liu

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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CO 2 foam has been identified as having significant applications in carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS). This is attributed to its proven capability to mitigate channeling during CO 2 injection effectively; meanwhile, the majority of injected CO 2 can be safely stored in reservoirs through geo-sequestration. However, the high injection pressure and poor foam stability severely affect the wide employment of CO 2 foam flooding. In this study, comprehensive investigations on a novel CO 2 -responsive foam (CRF) with desirable injectivity and noticeable longevity are presented. This novel foam system employs lauryl ether sulfate sodium (LES) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as foaming agents, and it exhibits notable reversible CO 2responsive properties. This property enables the fluid to transit between low and high-viscosity states, enhancing foam injection performance and reducing the injection pressure. CRF is less detrimental to reservoirs compared to conventional polymer-enhanced foam (PEF) due to its ability to switch between gel-forming and gel-breaking phases using CO 2 /N 2 . In addition, rheological tests demonstrate that CRF exhibits superior high shear tolerance compared to PEF. Moreover, CRF shows greater stability and higher salt resistance compared to PEF. At a NaCl concentration of 5 × 10 4 mg/L, the half-life of CRF (152 min) was nearly 13 times longer than that of PEF (11 min). It is noted that CRF exhibits a higher resistance factor in high-permeability cores compared to low-permeability cores, indicating its outstanding capacity to block the channels and mitigate CO 2 breakthrough. The results of the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) experiments indicated that CRF is capable of displacing more oil than PEF in fractured cores with identical experimental conditions. It is believed that CRF may be applied as a viable CCUS technique and may enlighten investigations on novel CCUS strategies.

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Section: Cryo-tem Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO₂ Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs

Gao,

Xu,

Liu

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…Herein, modified quartz sand was coated with a layer of low-density resin to reduce the overall density of the proppant, thereby improving the suspension of the proppant in the fracturing fluid. The coating accounted for 5-20% of the total mass of the proppant [28][29][30]. The resulting low-cost proppant balances the relationship between a high strength and low density, and no longer satisfies a single function but realizes a composite of multiple functions [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on a New Type of High-Performance Resin-Coated Sand for Petroleum Fracturing Proppants

Wei,

Wang,

Yang

et al. 2023

Coatings

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This study investigates a new type of high-performance coated sand as a petroleum fracturing proppant material. Modified quartz sand was coated with a layer of low-density resin to reduce the overall density of the proppant, thereby improving the suspension of the proppant in the fracturing fluid. Resins play an important role in the preparation of coated sand fracturing proppants. The mechanism of sand formation was studied by examining the phase composition and microstructure of the coated sand proppant. The results demonstrate that when the polyimide resin content is 6% and the curing temperature is 180 °C, the proppant exhibited the best performance with an apparent density of 1.592 g/cm3 and a breakage ratio of only 3.22% under 55.2 MPa. Compared with the widely used epoxy resin-coated support agent and phenolic resin-coated support agent in the early stage, their crushing rate decreased by 5% and their acid solubility decreased by 2%. Hence, this study is worthy of attention.

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Enhancing Fracturing Proppant Performance: Methods and Assessment

Ramazanov,

Matovu,

Al Shafloot

et al. 2024

Arab J Sci Eng

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The use of fracturing proppants is a key element of hydraulic fracturing operations in the oil and gas industry. The selection of proppants with superior performance is critical to ensure efficient and effective hydraulic fracturing. Proppant technologies are developing rapidly. Therefore, standardization of proppant evaluation is necessary to ensure accurate proppant evaluation during proppant production. Although the API and ISO have released a number of recommended practices for this purpose, there are still significant gaps in them. This is because several hypotheses regarding proppant performance, including proppant embedment and diagenesis, and their influence on proppant conductivity, are still not fully clear. Numerous proppants have been produced within the petroleum industry, featuring diverse compositions, sizes, shapes, and intended uses. While many proppants consist of silica or ceramics, there is growing interest in advanced types such as ultra-lightweight proppants. These innovations aim to minimize settling and enable transport using low-viscosity fluids. Moreover, to reduce expenditures, it is common practice in hybrid completions to mix proppant of different sizes according to stimulation design objectives and assumptions. Proppant can be equally mixed, separated by tail-in, or mixed with dominating concentrations of a specific size, depending on the type of fluids, viscosity, and anticipated settlement velocity. Surface modification involves altering the surface properties of the proppant to improve its adhesion to the fracture face and to reduce embedment and fines generation. Surface modification techniques include silane treatment, plasma treatment, and chemical treatment. The method can maintain oil flow channels after the hydraulic fracturing operation for a very long time. Proppant flowback, fines generation, and gel degradation are the key factors that contribute to a proppant pack losing permeability. Proppant pack conductivity can be increased, and well cleanup can be hastened, with the aid of a surface modification. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of proppant and its types, proppant performance assessment, and methods to enhance proppant performance. We discuss various techniques to evaluate proppant performance, including crush resistance, conductivity, embedment, and closure stress. Additionally, we highlight the importance of selecting the most appropriate proppant type for a particular well based on the formation properties and proppant characteristics. Furthermore, we explore recent advancements in proppant enhancement methods, such as coating, sintering, altering proppant surface, and consolidation, and their effectiveness in improving proppant performance. The comprehensive review provides insight into current industry practices and highlights potential areas for future research to improve fracturing proppant performance.

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Review and Perspectives of Coated Proppant Technology

Cited by 10 publications

References 123 publications

CO₂-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO₂ Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs

CO₂-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO₂ Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs

A Study on a New Type of High-Performance Resin-Coated Sand for Petroleum Fracturing Proppants

Enhancing Fracturing Proppant Performance: Methods and Assessment

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Review and Perspectives of Coated Proppant Technology

Cited by 10 publications

References 123 publications

CO2-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO2 Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs

CO2-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO2 Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs

A Study on a New Type of High-Performance Resin-Coated Sand for Petroleum Fracturing Proppants

Enhancing Fracturing Proppant Performance: Methods and Assessment

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Product

Resources

About

CO₂-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO₂ Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs

CO₂-Responsive Foam (CRF) for Mitigating CO₂ Channeling in Heterogenous Reservoirs