Review article: how the intestinal microbiota may reflect disease activity and influence therapeutic outcome in inflammatory bowel disease

Caenepeel, Clara; Tabib, Nasim Sadat Seyed; Vieira-Silva, Sara; Vermeire, Séverine

doi:10.1111/apt.16096

Cited by 51 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(302 reference statements)

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“…Health gut microbiota are composed of Firmicutes < Bacteroidetes < Proteobacteria < Actinobacteria. IBD patients have fewer bacteria with protective proprieties, such as Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides or Faecailbacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia spp., and more with pro-inflammatory activities, mainly Veillomellaceae, Pasteurellacae, Escherichia coli ( E. coli , adherent/invasive) and Fusobacteriaceae ( Figure 1 ) [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Dysbiosis in UC showed a higher amount of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and a lower amount of Bacteroides (Firmicutes < Proteobacteria < Bacteroidetes < Actinobacteria) [ 33 ], whereas dysbiosis in CD has shown an even lower amount of Firmicutes phylum than in healthy individuals [ 34 ], such as F. prausnitzii , which is often proportionally decreased in the patients’ stool [ 22 , 35 ].…”

Section: Gut Microbiota and Ibd Progressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug Targeting of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Biomolecules

et al. 2021

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of disabling, destructive and incurable immune-mediated inflammatory diseases comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), disorders that are highly prevalent worldwide and demand a large investment in healthcare. A persistent inflammatory state enables the dysfunction and destruction of healthy tissue, hindering the initiation and endurance of wound healing. Current treatments are ineffective at counteracting disease progression. Further, increased risk of serious side effects, other comorbidities and/or opportunistic infections highlight the need for effective treatment options. Gut microbiota, the key to preserving a healthy state, may, alternatively, increase a patient’s susceptibility to IBD onset and development given a relevant bacterial dysbiosis. Hence, the main goal of this review is to showcase the main conventional and emerging therapies for IBD, including microbiota-inspired untargeted and targeted approaches (such as phage therapy) to infection control. Special recognition is given to existing targeted strategies with biologics (via monoclonal antibodies, small molecules and nucleic acids) and stimuli-responsive (pH-, enzyme- and reactive oxygen species-triggered release), polymer-based nanomedicine that is specifically directed towards the regulation of inflammation overload (with some nanosystems additionally functionalized with carbohydrates or peptides directed towards M1-macrophages). The overall goal is to restore gut balance and decrease IBD’s societal impact.

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Section: Gut Microbiota and Ibd Progressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protective bacteria, such as probiotics, have an anti-inflammatory effect in biological models, whereas causative bacteria for IBD, such as pathobionts, have a pro-inflammatory effect. Adapted from [ 30 , 36 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Targeting of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Biomolecules

et al. 2021

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“…A study carried out from the faeces of individuals with this syndrome identified lower levels of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium rectale and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii [ 34 ], all of which are SCFA producers. Particularly, F. prausnitzii is one of the major producers of butyrate, which is why it is considered an indicator or biomarker of intestinal health [ 12 , 13 ]. On the contrary, low levels of these microorganisms could be predictive of CD [ 35 ].…”

Section: Gut Microbiota In Gastrointestinal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been observed that losses of microbiota homeostasis or dysbiosis are associated with some diseases, which are explained by the imbalance and loss some species, such as Faecalobacterium prausnitzii , considered one intestinal health biomarker [ 11 , 12 ] ( Fig. 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal microbiome, what is behind faecal microbiota transplantation?

Thomson

Núñez

Quera

et al. 2021

New Microbes and New Infections

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The intestinal microbiota is made up of billions of microorganisms that coexist in an organised ecosystem, where strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria predominate. The alteration or imbalance of these microorganisms, known as dysbiosis, can be associated with both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Based on a review of the literature, the intestinal microbiota is described in its state of health, the changes associated with some gastrointestinal diseases and the potential role that faecal microbiota transplantation has in the reestablishment of an altered ecosystem. Undoubtedly, the information revealed makes us reflect on the indication of faecal microbiota transplantation in various pathologies of intestinal origin. However, to ensure the efficacy and safety of this therapy, more studies are needed to obtain more evidence.

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“…The human gut microbiome consisting of bacteria, viruses, and fungi plays a critical role in health, as evidenced by perturbations in the microbiome composition and/or function that associated with a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) [14], cardiovascular disease [15], Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases [16, 17], anxiety and depression [18]. Bacteriophages are a normal part of the human microbiota and also outnumber bacteria in our gut by at least ten-fold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the effects of an anti-Salmonella bacteriophage preparation, BAFASAL, on ex vivo human gut microbiome composition and function using a multi-omics approach

Mayne

Zhang

Butcher

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Salmonella infections (salmonellosis) pose serious health risks to humans, usually via contamination in our food chain. This foodborne pathogen causes major food losses and human illnesses that result in significant economic impacts. Pathogens such as Salmonella have traditionally been kept at bay through the use of antibiotics, but antibiotic overuse within the food industry has led to the development of numerous multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Thus, governments are now restricting antibiotic use, forcing the industry to search for alternatives to secure safe food chains. Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, are currently being investigated and used as replacement treatments and prophylactics due to their specificity and efficacy. They are generally regarded as safe alternatives to antibiotics as they are natural components of the ecosystem. One example is BAFASEL, a commercial bacteriophage mixture that specifically targets Salmonella and is currently approved for use in poultry farming. However, when specifically used in the industry they can also make their way into humans through our food chain or exposure as is the case for antibiotics. In particular, agricultural workers could be repeatedly exposed to bacteriophages supplemented in animal feeds. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of such exposure to bacteriophages on the human gut microbiome. In this study, we used a novel in vitro assay called RapidAIM to investigate BAFASAL's potential impact on five individual human gut microbiomes. Multi-omics analyses, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metaproteomic, revealed that ex vivo human gut microbiota composition and function were unaffected by BAFASAL treatment providing an additional measure for its safety. Due to the critical role of the gut microbiome in human health and the known role of bacteriophages in regulation of microbiome composition and function, we suggest assaying the impact of bacteriophage-cocktails on the human gut microbiome as a part of their safety assessment.

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Review article: how the intestinal microbiota may reflect disease activity and influence therapeutic outcome in inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract: The Handling Editor for this article was Professor Jonathan Rhodes, and this uncommissioned review was accepted for publication after full peer-review.

Cited by 51 publications

References 138 publications

Drug Targeting of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Biomolecules

Drug Targeting of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Biomolecules

Gastrointestinal microbiome, what is behind faecal microbiota transplantation?

Examining the effects of an anti-Salmonella bacteriophage preparation, BAFASAL, on ex vivo human gut microbiome composition and function using a multi-omics approach

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