Review article: impact of cigarette smoking on intestinal inflammation—direct and indirect mechanisms

Παπουτσοπουλου, Σταματια; Satsangi, Jack; Campbell, Barry J.; Probert, Chris

doi:10.1111/apt.15774

Cited by 58 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 274 publications

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“…A recent systematic review and meta-analysis has identified age, smoking, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases as significant risk factors associated with increased mortality rate and greater risk for critical illness from COVID-19 (32). Every single one of these identified risk factors is also associated with permeability of the immune barrier systems (33)(34)(35)(36)(37). Permeability of the immune barriers may be the essential centerpiece risk factor that is associated with COVID-19 severity, and part of this mechanism may also be associated with the combined impact of cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 with immune barrier proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction of Human Monoclonal Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Proteins With Tissue Antigens: Implications for Autoimmune Diseases

Vojdani²,

2021

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We sought to determine whether immune reactivity occurs between anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein antibodies and human tissue antigens, and whether molecular mimicry between COVID-19 viral proteins and human tissues could be the cause. We applied both human monoclonal anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies (spike protein, nucleoprotein) and rabbit polyclonal anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies (envelope protein, membrane protein) to 55 different tissue antigens. We found that SARS-CoV-2 antibodies had reactions with 28 out of 55 tissue antigens, representing a diversity of tissue groups that included barrier proteins, gastrointestinal, thyroid and neural tissues, and more. We also did selective epitope mapping using BLAST and showed similarities and homology between spike, nucleoprotein, and many other SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the human tissue antigens mitochondria M2, F-actin and TPO. This extensive immune cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and different antigen groups may play a role in the multi-system disease process of COVID-19, influence the severity of the disease, precipitate the onset of autoimmunity in susceptible subgroups, and potentially exacerbate autoimmunity in subjects that have pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Very recently, human monoclonal antibodies were approved for use on patients with COVID-19. The human monoclonal antibodies used in this study are almost identical with these approved antibodies. Thus, our results can establish the potential risk for autoimmunity and multi-system disorders with COVID-19 that may come from cross-reactivity between our own human tissues and this dreaded virus, and thus ensure that the badly-needed vaccines and treatments being developed for it are truly safe to use against this disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction of Human Monoclonal Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Proteins With Tissue Antigens: Implications for Autoimmune Diseases

Vojdani²,

2021

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“…Cigarette smoking affects the gut mucosa through negative effects on homeostasis, epigenetic modification and composition of gut microbiota. 23 The epigenetic effects of cigarette smoke on immune and epithelial cells and neurons may contribute to symptoms; however, this effect is most studied in inflammatory bowel disease, 24 and whether the mechanism linking smoking with FD is via increased microscopic inflammation in the duodenum remains to be clarified. Further, smoking is now known to specifically alter the duodenal microbiome and it is feasible this also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of FD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of smoking in functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: three random population‐based studies

Talley

Powell

Walker

et al. 2021

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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Background: It is uncertain if functional dyspepsia (FD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are linked to smoking, and smoking cessation is not part of the routine advice provided to these patients. Aim:To assess if smoking is an independent risk factor for FD and IBS.Methods: Three population-based endoscopy studies in Sweden with 2560 community individuals in total (mean age 51.5 years, 46% male). IBS (14.9%), FD (33.5%), and associated symptoms were assessed using the validated abdominal symptom questionnaire, and smoking (17.9%) was obtained from standardised questions during a clinic visit. The effect of smoking on symptom status was analysed in an individual person data metaanalysis using mixed effect logistic regression, adjusted for snuffing, age and sex.Results: Individuals smoking cigarettes reported significantly higher odds of postprandial distress syndrome (FD-PDS) (OR 10-19 cig/day = 1.42, 95% CI 1. 04-1.98

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“…In addition, near our results, Kuntic et al (2020) detected disturbed NO signaling in the endothelium of mice exposed to e-cigarettes and severe oxidative stress in the aorta, lung, and brain of animals after e-cigarette vapor exposure. Moreover, Papoutsopoulou et al (2020) mentioned that the decreased nitric oxide levels could prevent intestinal mucosal injury, helping to restore epithelial continuity, while its high production resulted in deleterious effects via enhancing the adverse effects of other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, Abdel Mohsen and Ahmed (2019) declared that iNOS is involved in colitis pathogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of e-cigarettes on colonic mucosa and the role of recovery: involvement of oxidative and inflammatory pathway

Mohammed

El-Din

Farag

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) (EC) are often advertised as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes. Its widespread use has led to increased interest in its adverse health effects, thanks to few restrictions and a lack of regulatory guidelines. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol inhalation in rat colon model and conduct a follow-up after cessation of exposure. The experiment included 30 male adult Albino rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group I (control), non-exposed animals; group II (exposed), was exposed to electronic cigarette liquid vapor for four consecutive weeks; and group III (recovery), was followed up for another 4 weeks after exposure to an e-cigarette as exposed group and for the same duration. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitric oxide (NO) increased significantly in colonic tissue, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. On histological examination, colonic mucosa showed distortion and loss of its epithelial lining with heavy inflammatory cell infiltration. Also, there was a significant decrease in periodic acid-Schiff-positive goblet cells and area percent of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) expression significantly increased in colonic mucosa. After 4 weeks of EC cessation, the colonic mucosal histological structure showed recovery with downregulated TNFα immunoexpression and restored oxidant/antioxidant balance. In conclusion, the usage of electronic cigarettes resulted in marked pathological alterations in the colonic mucosa, which could be attributed to oxidative and inflammatory stresses. In contrast, the cessation of exposure led to recovery.

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Review article: impact of cigarette smoking on intestinal inflammation—direct and indirect mechanisms

Abstract: Background:The inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

Cited by 58 publications

References 274 publications

Reaction of Human Monoclonal Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Proteins With Tissue Antigens: Implications for Autoimmune Diseases

Reaction of Human Monoclonal Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Proteins With Tissue Antigens: Implications for Autoimmune Diseases

Role of smoking in functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: three random population‐based studies

Impact of e-cigarettes on colonic mucosa and the role of recovery: involvement of oxidative and inflammatory pathway

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