Review article: stem cell transplantation for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases – current applications and future perspectives

Abstract

SUMMARY BackgroundHaematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be used to cure or ameliorate a variety of non-malignant diseases. These range from inherent defects of haematopoiesis, through metabolic diseases, to severe autoimmune diseases. The rationale for this strategy is based on the concept of immunoablation using high-dose chemotherapy, with subsequent regeneration of naïve T-lymphocytes derived from reinfused haematopoietic progenitor cells. Possibly the use of SCT allows the administration of high-dose chemotherapy resulting in a prompt remission in these therapy-refractory patients.

Direct Imaging of Immune Rejection and Memory Induction by Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

“…This suggestion is of particular significance in light of the increasing expectation that “off‐the‐shelf” mismatched MSCs might be used to correct various diseases such as cardiac disease [52], acute graft versus host disease [53, 54], Crohn's disease [55], and multiple sclerosis [56] in immune‐competent patients.…”

Donor Selection is a Critical Component Using Naïve Endogenous Adult Stem Cells for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases and Traumatic Injuries

“…These studies suggested that there was an immunomodulatory rather than a reparative effect of the MSCs with respect to the diseases treated. Another cohort of studies using chemical mediators derived from MSCs, suggested that the MSC-exosomecontaining microvesicles were the actual mediators of the immunomodulatory response of MSCs on these diseases [26,27,49,54,58,59,77,83,[87][88][89]91,93,97,104,105,[108][109][110]112,[115][116][117][118][119][120][121]. Since the effect of MSCs appears to be immunomodulatory rather than reparative and that exosomes from MSCs appear to drive the immunomodulatory response, it is suggested that exosome-containing vesicles derived from MSCs should be utilized to circumvent potential problems with MHC Class-I cell surface markers on allogeneic MSCs that might induce a partial to full GvHD response in the recipient, that would potentially negate its activity.…”

“…With respect to telomerase negative endogenous adult stem cells, the proportion of clinical studies using mesenchymal stem cells, both autologous and allogeneic, far outweigh the number of clinical studies using very small embryonic-like stem cells, multipotent adult progenitor cells and multilineage differentiating stress enduring cells [8,48] reparative with an increase in overall function. This immunomodulatory activity has been prescribed potentially to exosomes secreted by the MSCs into the damaged tissues [26,27,49,54,58,59,77,83,[87][88][89]91,93,97,104,105,[108][109][110]112,[115][116][117][118][119][120][121].…”

Type I enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in the colon of a 29-year-old patient and a brief literature review

“… 21 Recently, few case reports and small series have reported promising results in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. 15 , 16 , 22 – 27 Alemtuzumab, humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody currently used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or T-cell lymphoma, can be another option for EATL. 28 , 29 Although an improved survival has been reported after aggressive consolidation therapy, the true efficacy of those treatment modalities remains to be determined.…”