Review Article: Yellow fever in Nigeria: A review of the current situation

Adogo, L. Y.; Ogoh, M.O.

doi:10.4314/ajcem.v21i1.1

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The importance of Aedes mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa has increased recently because of outbreaks of arboviral diseases in multiple countries there [ 2 ]. In West Africa, within the last 5 years, there have been outbreaks of dengue in Burkina Faso [ 3 – 5 ], Cote d’Ivoire [ 6 , 7 ], and Senegal [ 8 ], yellow fever in Cote d’Ivoire [ 9 – 11 ] and Nigeria [ 12 – 16 ], and recent confirmed cases of dengue and outbreaks of yellow fever in Ghana [ 17 – 20 ]. Therefore, the risk of dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya outbreaks in Ghana appears to be high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana

et al. 2022

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Background Vector control is the main intervention used to control arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes because there are no effective vaccines or treatments for most of them. Control of Aedes mosquitoes relies heavily on the use of insecticides, the effectiveness of which may be impacted by resistance. In addition, rational insecticide application requires detailed knowledge of vector distribution, dynamics, resting, and feeding behaviours, which are poorly understood for Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti across ecological extremes of Ghana. Methods Immature mosquitoes were sampled from containers in and around human dwellings at seven study sites in urban, suburban, and rural areas of Ghana. Adult Aedes mosquitoes were sampled indoors and outdoors using Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 mosquito traps, human landing catches, and Prokopack aspiration. Distributions of immature and adult Aedes mosquitoes were determined indoors and outdoors during dry and rainy seasons at all sites. The phenotypic resistance status of Aedes mosquitoes to insecticides was determined using World Health Organization susceptibility bioassays. The host blood meal source was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 16,711 immature Aedes were sampled, with over 70% found in car tyres. Significantly more breeding containers had Aedes immatures during the rainy season (11,856; 70.95%) compared to the dry season (4855; 29.05%). A total of 1895 adult Aedes mosquitos were collected, including Aedes aegypti (97.8%), Aedes africanus (2.1%) and Aedesluteocephalus (0.1%). Indoor sampling of adult Aedes yielded a total of 381 (20.1%) and outdoor sampling a total of 1514 (79.9%) mosquitoes (z = − 5.427, P = 0.0000) over the entire sampling period. Aedes aegypti populations were resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at all study sites. Vectors showed suspected resistance to bendiocarb (96–97%), permethrin (90–96%) and deltamethrin (91–96%), and were susceptible to the organophosphate for all study sites. Blood meal analysis showed that the Aedes mosquitoes were mostly anthropophilic, with a human blood index of 0.9 (i.e. humans, 90%; human and dog, 5%; dog and cow, 5%). Conclusions Aedes mosquitoes were found at high densities in all ecological zones of Ghana. Resistance of Aedes spp. to pyrethroids and carbamates may limit the efficacy of vector control programmes and thus requires careful monitoring. Graphical abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana

et al. 2022

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“…As WHO reports, Nigeria is facing concurrent outbreaks of multiple pathogens, including COVID-19 [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. National and state authorities are currently focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, limiting the human resources required to conduct investigations and response activities for other outbreaks, such as YF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nigeria is a high-risk country experiencing multiple and recurrent outbreaks [ 5 ]. The reemergence of YF in September 2017 in Nigeria has been marked by outbreaks over a wide geographical area.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the risk of diffusion to neighboring countries with under-immunized populations, including to large urban centers, the high CFR, the potential for ongoing local transmission and amplification due to suboptimal vaccination coverage, and the occurrence of cases in peri-urban areas (e.g., in Delta State) and densely populated local government areas, the risk is extremely high [ 6 ]. In 2020, Nigeria faced concurrent outbreaks of multiple pathogens, such as YF and Lassa fever viruses, in addition to COVID-19, resulting in a severe overload of the country’s health system [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectious Diseases Seeker (IDS): An Innovative Tool for Prompt Identification of Infectious Diseases during Outbreaks

Baldassi

Carestia

Moramarco

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Several technologies for rapid molecular identification of pathogens are currently available; jointly with monitoring tools (i.e., web-based surveillance tools, infectious diseases modelers, and epidemic intelligence methods), they represent important components for timely outbreak detection and identification of the involved pathogen. The application of these approaches is usually feasible and effective when performed by healthcare professionals with specific expertise and skills and when data and resources are easily accessible. Contrariwise, in the field situation where healthcare workers or first responders from heterogeneous competences can be asked to investigate an outbreak of unknown origin, a simple and suitable tool for rapid agent identification and appropriate outbreak management is highly needed. Most especially when time is limited, available data are incomplete, and accessible infrastructure and resources are inadequate. The use of a prompt, user-friendly, and accessible tool able to rapidly recognize an infectious disease outbreak and with high sensitivity and precision may be a game-changer to support emergency response and public health investigations. Methods: This paper presents the work performed to implement and test an innovative tool for prompt identification of infectious diseases during outbreaks, called Infectious Diseases Seeker (IDS). IDS is a standalone software that runs on the most common operative systems. It has been built by integrating a database containing an interim set of 60 different disease causative agents and COVID-19 data and is able to work in an off-line mode without requiring a network connection. Results: IDS has been applied in a real and complex scenario in terms of concomitant infectious diseases (yellow fever, COVID-19, and Lassa fever), as can be in the second part of 2020 in Nigeria. The outcomes have allowed inferring that yellow fever (YF), and not Lassa fever, was affecting the area under investigation. Conclusions: Our result suggests that a tool like IDS could be valuable for the quick and easy identification and discrimination of infectious disease outbreaks even when concurrent outbreaks occur, like for the case study of YF and COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria.

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“…The importance of Aedes vectors in sub-Saharan Africa has increased recently because of outbreaks of arboviral diseases in multiple countries [2]. In West Africa, within the last ve years, there have been outbreaks of dengue in Burkina Faso [3][4][5], Cote d'Ivoire [6,7], Senegal [8], yellow fever in Cote d'Ivoire [9][10][11], and Nigeria [12][13][14][15][16] and recent con rmation of dengue cases and outbreaks of yellow fever have occurred in Ghana [17][18][19][20][21]. Therefore, the risk of dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya outbreaks in Ghana appear high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial-Temporal Distribution and Insecticide resistance Status of Aedes Aegypti in Ghana

Owusu-Asenso

Mingle

Weetman

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Vector control is the main intervention to control arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes because for most there are no effective vaccines or treatment. This vector control relies heavily on the use of insecticides, effectiveness of which may be impacted by resistance. In addition, rational insecticide application requires detailed knowledge of vector distribution, dynamics, resting, and feeding behaviours, which are poorly understood for Aedes vectors in Africa. This study investigated the spatio-temporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti from across ecological extremes of GhanaMethods: Immature mosquitoes were sampled from containers in and around human dwellings at each of seven study sites in urban, suburban, and rural areas of Ghana. Adult Aedes mosquitoes were sampled indoor and outdoor using Biogent sentinel-2 mosquito traps, human landing catches, and prokopack aspiration. Distributions of immatures and adult Aedes mosquitoes were determined indoors and outdoors during dry and rainy seasons at all sites. Phenotypic resistance status of Aedes mosquitoes to insecticides was determined using WHO bioassays. Host blood meal source was determined by PCR.Results: A total of 16,711 immature Aedes were sampled, with over 70% found in car tires. Significantly more breeding containers had Aedes immatures during the rainy season 70.95% (11,856) compared to the dry season 29.05% (4,855). A total of 1,895 adult Aedes mosquitos were collected, including Ae. aegypti (97.8%), Ae. africanus (2.1%) and Ae. Luteocephalus (0.1%). Indoor sampling of adult Aedes mosquitoes yielded a total of 381 (20.1%) and outdoor a total of 1,514 (79.9%) (z = -5.427; p = 0.0000) over the entire sampling period. Aedes aegypti populations were resistant to DDT at all study sites. Vectors showed suspected resistance to Bendiocarb (96-97%), Permethrin (90-96%) and Deltamethrin (91-96%) and were susceptible to the organophosphate malathion from all study sites.Blood meal analysis showed that the Aedes mosquitoes were mostly anthropophilic with HBI of 0.9 i.e. [(human = 90%), (human and dog = 5%), (dog and cow = 5%)].Conclusion: Aedes mosquitoes were found at high densities in all ecological zones of Ghana. Resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates may limit control efficacy and requires careful monitoring.

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Review Article: Yellow fever in Nigeria: A review of the current situation

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana

Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana

Infectious Diseases Seeker (IDS): An Innovative Tool for Prompt Identification of Infectious Diseases during Outbreaks

Spatial-Temporal Distribution and Insecticide resistance Status of Aedes Aegypti in Ghana

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