Review: effect of environmental cadmium pollution on human health

Han, Junfeng; Shang, Qi; Du, Yu

doi:10.4236/health.2009.13026

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Baiyin in the Gansu province, which is a well-known “Copper-producing city” in northwest China, has mined and smelted nonferrous metals (e.g., Cu, Pb and Zn) since the 1960s. In Hezhang in the Guizhou province in southwest China, an indigenous zinc-smelting method, which resulted in severe heavy metal pollution, has been used for more than a century [ 24 , 25 ]. Mineral slag and mining and smelting wastewater have caused serious pollution of the soil and local rivers (e.g., the Kafangdagou River in Gejiu, Yunan province, the Dongdagou River in Baiyin, Gansu province and the Magu River in Hezhang, Guizhou province).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the benchmark dose of urinary cadmium as the reference level for renal dysfunction: a large sample study in five cadmium polluted areas in China

et al. 2015

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BackgroundItai-itai disease primarily results from cadmium (Cd) exposure and is known as one of the four major pollution diseases in Japan. Cd pollution is more serious in several areas of China than in Japan. However, there is still a lack of information regarding the threshold level of Cd exposure for the adverse health effects in the general Chinese population. This study aims to evaluate the reference value of urinary Cd (UCd) for renal dysfunction in a Chinese population as the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) based on a large sample survey.MethodsA total of 6103 participants who lived in five Cd polluted areas of China participated in this study. We analyzed UCd levels as a biomarker of exposure and urinary β2-microglobulin (Uβ2-MG) levels as a renal tubular effect biomarker. The BMD studies were performed using BMD software. The benchmark response (BMR) was defined as a 10 % additional risk above the background.ResultsThere was a positive correlation between the UCd levels and the prevalence of Uβ2-MG. The BMD of UCd for Uβ2-MG was estimated for each province. The findings showed that the BMD levels were related to the participants’ geographic region, which may be partially due to the large differences in Cd exposure level, ethnic group, lifestyle and diet of the sample population in these study areas. The reference level of UCd for the renal effects was further evaluated by combining the five sets of data from all 6103 subjects. The overall BMDLs of UCd for Uβ2-MG with an excess risk of 10 % were 2.00 μg/g creatinine (μg/g cr) in males and 1.69 μg/g cr in females, which were significantly lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold level of 5 μg/g cr for Cd-related renal effects.ConclusionsThe selection of the sample population and geographic region affected the BMDL evaluation. Based on the findings of this survey of a large sample population, the UCd BMDLs for Uβ2-MG in males with BMRs at 10 % were 2.00 μg/g cr. The BMD was slightly lower in females, which indicated that females may be relatively more sensitive to Cd exposure than males.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the benchmark dose of urinary cadmium as the reference level for renal dysfunction: a large sample study in five cadmium polluted areas in China

et al. 2015

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“…Researches have shown that in China the total area polluted by cadmium is more than 11,000 hectares and its annual amount of industrial waste of cadmium discharged into the environment is assessed to be more than 680 tons. In Japan and China, environmental cadmium exposure is comparatively higher than in any other country (Han et al , 2009 ). Cadmium is predominantly found in fruits and vegetables due to its high rate of soil-to-plant transfer (Satarug et al , 2011 ).…”

Section: Heavy Metals and Their Toxicity Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals

Jaishankar¹,

Tseten²,

Anbalagan³

et al. 2014

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

4,819

2,118

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Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some or the other form harmful for the human body and its proper functioning. They sometimes act as a pseudo element of the body while at certain times they may even interfere with metabolic processes. Few metals, such as aluminium, can be removed through elimination activities, while some metals get accumulated in the body and food chain, exhibiting a chronic nature. Various public health measures have been undertaken to control, prevent and treat metal toxicity occurring at various levels, such as occupational exposure, accidents and environmental factors. Metal toxicity depends upon the absorbed dose, the route of exposure and duration of exposure, i.e. acute or chronic. This can lead to various disorders and can also result in excessive damage due to oxidative stress induced by free radical formation. This review gives details about some heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms, along with their health effects.

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“…[85] Mainline studies on cadmium toxicities were early screening for the early sensitive biomonitoring indices, monitoring and evaluation of target organ damage, and study on the dose-response relationship between cadmium exposure and health damage indices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead and cadmium in public health in Nigeria: physicians neglect and pitfall in patient management

Orisakwe

2014

North Am J Med Sci

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Low-level heavy metals exposure may contribute much more toward the causation of chronic disease and impaired functioning than previously thought. Among the suggested preventive and intervention measures for the control of renal diseases are the reduction in the exposure to heavy metals. Although these indicate knowledge and awareness of possible role of some heavy metals in the etiogenesis of some chronic diseases by Nigerian Physicians, heavy metal assay as diagnostic guide in patient management is often omitted in most healthcare settings. This is a synoptic capture of the increased incidence and prevalence of some metabolic disorders where heavy metals may be implicated. A search of the terms heavy metal exposure, source, toxicity, metabolic disorders, poisoning in Nigeria, in bibliographical databases (in English language) such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Africa Journal Online (AJOL) digital library was conducted. Leaded gasoline, refuse dumping, absence of poison information centers, and poor record keeping characterize environmental health in Nigeria. Lead and cadmium are of most significant public health importance in Nigeria. The recognition and inclusion of heavy metals assays in the diagnosis of metabolic disorders may ensure early diagnosis and improve management.

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Review: effect of environmental cadmium pollution on human health

Cited by 37 publications

References 36 publications

Estimation of the benchmark dose of urinary cadmium as the reference level for renal dysfunction: a large sample study in five cadmium polluted areas in China

Estimation of the benchmark dose of urinary cadmium as the reference level for renal dysfunction: a large sample study in five cadmium polluted areas in China

Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals

Lead and cadmium in public health in Nigeria: physicians neglect and pitfall in patient management

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