Review. Electrochemical sensors used in the determination of L‐Dopa

Abstract

This review is presenting the design and performance of some electrochemical sensors used for the determination of L‐dopa in real samples as reported in a series of relevant scientific papers published in the past 5 years. L‐dopa was intensively studied using electrochemical sensors with applications in the biomedical field, pharmaceutical field and food industry. The determination of L‐dopa is of great importance, due to the fact that it can cross the blood brain barrier (which dopamine can't) and then can be converted to dopamine. Thus, it can be used in treating some disease, such as Parkinson's. Because fast detective methods for L‐dopa determination are required, this paper focused on four types of electrochemical sensors, such as modified carbon paste electrodes, modified glassy carbon electrodes, modified screen‐printed electrodes and modified indium tin oxide electrodes. Each has its advantages and disadvantages and the appropriate sensor should be used depending on the type of application.

Smart-Phone-Assisted Optical Biosensors Based on Silk-Fibroin-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots for Fluorescent Turn-On Recognition of l-Dopa

“…22 On the other hand, fluorescence-based sensors have recently drawn a lot of attention because of their portability, high sensitivity, ease of use, affordability, and simplicity. 23 Fluorescent turn-on sensors have special advantages over turn-off sensors because the former involved a lower limit of detection (LOD), less capability of showing interference, maintaining a high signal-tobackground ratio, and excellent selectivity. 24 Recently, smartphone imaging analytical techniques achieved considerable attention in the field of sensors.…”

“…Despite the high sensitivity and accuracy of this technique, several shortcomings are also associated such as time-consuming operations, sophisticated instrument facilities, cumbersome sample preparation, high cost, and so forth . On the other hand, fluorescence-based sensors have recently drawn a lot of attention because of their portability, high sensitivity, ease of use, affordability, and simplicity . Fluorescent turn-on sensors have special advantages over turn-off sensors because the former involved a lower limit of detection (LOD), less capability of showing interference, maintaining a high signal-to-background ratio, and excellent selectivity .…”

An Amperometric Biosensor Based on a Bilayer of Electrodeposited Graphene Oxide and Co-Crosslinked Tyrosinase for L-Dopa Detection in Untreated Human Plasma

“…Electrochemical methods, instead, allow us to analyze complex matrices with minimal sample pre-treatment, require easy-to-use instrumentation, and provide fast response times. They also exhibit high reproducibility and sensitivity and are suitable for miniaturization [ 15 ]. This last feature is of considerable interest as it allowed, in recent years, to realize implantable devices for the in vivo monitoring of biomolecules such as glucose, lactic acid, etc.…”

A Critical Overview of Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for L-Dopa Detection in Biological Samples

“…Conversely, cheap and easy-to-use instrumentation, fast response time, and minimal sample pretreatment are among the main advantages of electrochemical methods, which also show high reproducibility and sensitivity, and are suitable for miniaturization [35], allowing for the realization of implantable or wearable devices for the in vivo monitoring of biomolecules.…”

“…To date, as recently reviewed, several electrochemical methods for LD detection have been proposed as valid alternatives to conventional ones [35][36][37]. Levodopa can easily undergo oxidation thanks to the presence of the catechol moiety, following an EqCiEq mechanism [38].…”