Review—Exploitation of Modified Electrochemical Sensors for Fast and Reliable Detection of Plastics Endocrine-Disrupting Contaminants

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic compounds widely used in various industrial and consumer products, raising concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Among the numerous EDCs, Bisphenols, phthalates, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have attracted significant attention due to their prevalence and adverse effects. Accurately identifying and quantifying these EDCs is important for assessing exposure levels and evaluating the associated risks. This review article shed the light on recent advancements in modified electrochemical sensors and biosensors using nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), Metal organic frameworks and nanocomposite-based electrodes, and their applicability for detecting EDCs during the past five years. The development of innovative electrode materials, optimization strategies used to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors. The challenges of real-world sample analysis are investigated as well along with possible solutions, such as matrix interference and detection limitations. Future perspectives and emerging trends in the electrochemical detection of EDCs, are also elaborated with a particular emphasis on developments in portable and miniaturized devices, multiplexed sensing platforms, and the incorporation of machine learning and artificial intelligence for better data analysis, and on-site detection.