Review: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa

Faggons, CE; Mabedi, Charles; Shores, CG; Gopal, Satish

doi:10.4314/mmj.v27i3.2

Cited by 31 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Referring to a WHO report from 2009 on the global tobacco epidemic, tobacco use remains uncommon in most of sub-Saharan Africa even if tobacco companies conduct(ed) aggressive marketing campaigns, particularly targeting the youth. 5 The quality of the estimated mortality rates (Figures 1 and 2; Tables 1 and 2) is questionable as recognized by the GLOBO-CAN scoring system. Indications are that countries with a somewhat better health infrastructure (like South Africa, Kenya, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, La Reunion and even Gabon) have a relatively lower mortality burden from lip and oral cancer than countries with a lesser developed health infrastructure.…”

Section: Geographical Differences In Lip and Intra-oral Carcinoma (C0mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The comprehensive review paper by Faggons et al 5 includes a detailed site distribution compiled on information from 28 publications. These originated from Central Africa (DRC -1, Sudan -4), Eastern Africa (Ethiopia -1, Kenya -6), Southern Africa (South Africa -2, Zimbabwe -1) and West Africa (Ghana -1 and Nigeria -13).…”

Section: Differences By Anatomical Sub-sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC) is the most common recorded head and neck malignancy in the African continent, 5,19,25,40,55,[56][57][58][59][60] a lack of awareness and access to advanced head and neck healthcare facilities results in high incidences of advanced, difficult to treat cases at first presentation. 26,61,62 However, during the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Zimbabwe, the incidence of oral KS overtook OSCC in 1994 as the most common oral malignancy 18 and might well apply elsewhere and for the foreseeable future.…”

Section: Hiv/aids Hpv and Oral Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 In this regard, the oral cavity plus the oropharynx was by far the most commonly reported site among head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) in sub-Saharan Africa. 5 This critique provides an account of the current parlous state of the quality and extent of information on cancer across Africa and a secondary data analysis on the epidemiology of oral and related cancers in sub-Saharan Africa (41 mainland countries). We then give a short review of aetiology and risk factors and recommendations for improved funding and organization of data services in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

Hille

Johnson

2017

Translational Research in Oral Oncology

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Objectives: To describe incidence and mortality rates of oral and of oropharyngeal cancers in sub-Saharan Africa using available sources and to discuss shortcomings. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were obtained from GLOBOCAN online (IARC 2012) and the pathology-based South African National Cancer Registry (SA-NCR). Descriptions of oral and of oropharynx cancers for the four main geographical regions were derived from the literature. For South Africa, the incidence by ethnic group of lip and intra-oral cancer over the period 1988-2012 could be calculated from SA-NCR. The age distributions for intraoral and for oropharynx cancer in both genders in South Africa were compared for the period 1996-2002. Results: Age standardized incidence rates and mortality rates of lip and of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa varied substantially, depending on the regions, the mix of carcinogenic substances consumed in each country and the quality of the cancer registry data. African islands in the Indian Ocean and the Southern and Eastern African countries report the highest rates; these are generally reported to be much lower in West African countries. Available data are now old: not beyond 2010. Up until that time, in the Republic of South Africa, there appears to have been a slight decline in oral cancer rates, except in Black females, but a rise this millennium in cancer of the oropharynx, especially in Coloureds (mixed-race). At least until 2002, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV) pandemic had little or no stimulating influence on the incidence rates of oral squamous carcinoma in South Africa, although Kaposi's sarcoma has been a major burden in the past. Asian and mixed-race South African females had the highest levels of oral squamous cell carcinomas in the <45 year age group. Conclusion:The quality of cancer registry data in sub-Saharan Africa is variable, unreliable and out of date, suggesting gross under-ascertainment. Records of all causes of death are poor, which can result in both under-and over-attribution of cancer mortality. Improvements of the necessary resources for cancer registration and death certification deserve a high priority.

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Section: Geographical Differences In Lip and Intra-oral Carcinoma (C0mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differences By Anatomical Sub-sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hiv/aids Hpv and Oral Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

Hille

Johnson

2017

Translational Research in Oral Oncology

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“…1 Population studies have shown that there is up to a 20-fold variation of the incidence with Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and in the Pacific regions being some of the most affected. 3 The sites of oral cavity, combined pharynx and larynx, together comprised the sixth most common cancer type in sub-Saharan Africa in the period of 2008-2009. 3 The sites of oral cavity, combined pharynx and larynx, together comprised the sixth most common cancer type in sub-Saharan Africa in the period of 2008-2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral cavity cancer management guidelines for low‐resource regions

et al. 2019

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Background The diagnosis and management of oral cavity cancer has been well described in developed countries, however, in regions with fewer medical resources, alternative methods may need to be used. We outline an approach to evaluation and treatment of oral cavity cancer in low‐resource areas. Methods Reviews of the Cochrane and Pubmed databases were performed and literature compiled. Expert opinions from the American and African Head and Neck Societies were also provided. Results Treatment guidelines for managing oral cavity cancer in low‐resource regions are outlined and the level of supporting evidence is defined. Discussion Successful treatment typically involves the use of upfront surgical resection of the primary lesion and any involved or at‐risk cervical lymph node basins, with adjuvant therapy based on the final pathology findings. In situations where services such as adjuvant therapy and/or appropriate reconstruction are not available, alternative approaches to treatment may be needed.

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Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus‐Associated Head and Neck Cancer in Rwanda: A 10‐Year Review

Rubagumya,

Businge,

Hopman

et al. 2024

Cancer Medicine

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IntroductionHead and neck cancer (HNC) is a significant global health burden, with late presentation leading to complex treatment. While human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated in HNC, data from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are limited. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and role of HPV in head and neck cancers diagnosed in Rwanda.MethodsA retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted using Rwanda Cancer Registry from January 2011 through December 2020. p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for HPV was performed on a randomly selected case. p16‐positive cases were genotyped.ResultsA total of 1001 patients with HNC were identified; 82% (n = 819) had squamous cell carcinoma. The mean age at diagnosis was 51.1 years, with a majority being males (58%). Oral cavity and lip (27%) were the most common primary cancer sites. Stage was unknown in most cases (75%, n = 747). HIV status was known in 33% (n = 334) of patients with 10% (n = 33) HIV‐positive; 22% of 202 randomly selected cases were p16‐positive; 34% of the p16‐positive cases were oropharynx. PCR analysis of p16‐positive cases showed 19% HPV positivity, and HPV16 was the most common high‐risk HPV strain, and 55.5% were recorded HPV‐positive by PCR.ConclusionsHNC cases in Rwanda have been increasing from 2011 to 2020, with a significant portion being HPV‐positive. Strategies to implement routine testing for p16, especially in oropharynx cancer patients, improved preservation of tissue samples, collection of comprehensive information including cancer risk factors, staging, and treatment are needed in Rwanda.

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Review: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 31 publications

References 57 publications

The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

Oral cavity cancer management guidelines for low‐resource regions

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus‐Associated Head and Neck Cancer in Rwanda: A 10‐Year Review

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