Review: Immune Markers in Breast Milk and Fetal and Maternal Body Fluids: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Concentrations

Agarwal, Shradha; Karmaus, Wilfried; Davis, Susan; Gangur, Venu

doi:10.1177/0890334410395761

Cited by 115 publications

(141 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, as levels of immune markers may vary in time (16)(17)(18)(19), we tested whether the levels of immune mediators correlated with the interval of collection after birth. None of the immune markers were correlated with the time of milk collection, which is in agreement with a recent review on breast milk immune markers (20). Hence, there was no need to control for the dates of collection of breast milk samples in the explanatory models.…”

Section: Articlessupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The median concentrations of immune markers in maternal whey, IgA, TGF-β1, CXCL10, and IFN-γ, were comparable with those in other studies of breast milk recently reviewed by Agarwal et al (20). The other cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13) and chemokine (CXCL8) levels in whey were lower, although they still fell within the range reported by other studies (20).…”

Section: Articlessupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Finally, regarding the sample size, this study is one of the larger investigations. Only five studies reported so far on immune markers in whey had sample sizes of ≥100 (20).…”

Section: Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

et al. 2013

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Background: Maternal allergy and gestational exposures can alter the concentration of type-1/type-2/T-regulatory markers in breast milk. We tested whether maternal risk factors are related to breast milk immune markers. Methods: Expecting mothers were enrolled in [2008][2009][2010] in South Carolina in prenatal clinics and classes. Interferon (IFN)-γ-induced protein 10 (CXCL10), CCL11, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and immunoglobulin (Ig)A in 115 whey samples were measured by immunoassays. Maternal asthma, eczema, rhinitis, smoking, urogenital infections during gestation, pet exposure, education, race/ethnicity, age, body mass, and the child's birth date and sex were ascertained. The effects of these risk factors on immune markers were estimated using general linear models. results: Maternal asthma was linked to higher levels of IL-5, rhinitis to lower levels of IL-5 and INF-γ, and eczema to lower levels of IL-6. Gestational smoking was related to increased concentrations of CXCL8 and IL-6. African-American mothers had markedly higher levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, and CXCL8. Urogenital infections, maternal age, body mass, child's sex, and season of birth contributed to the variation. conclusion: The impact of maternal allergies on immune markers in breast milk was small compared with that of maternal nondisease characteristics. t he prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma, eczema, and rhinitis, has increased significantly in past decades. Studies have reported that breastfeeding may influence the development of atopic disease (1-3). Breast milk contains a large number of immune-modulating factors (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins (Ig), enzymes, and hormones) that are thought not only to allow the development of the infant's immune system but also to protect the infant from infection and gut inflammation (2,4,5). Because cytokines and chemokines are significant immune-modulating agents found in breast milk, identification of factors that influence their levels in breast milk is of importance. Knowledge on breast milk immune markers will help to evaluate future disease risks of breastfed infants.Several studies have reported different concentrations of immune constituents in breast milk obtained from atopic vs. nonatopic mothers (2,4,6,7), in addition to that obtained from mothers whose children developed cow's milk allergies compared with mothers having nonallergic children (3,5). Hence, exposures to different levels of immune factors through breast milk are considered to affect the occurrence of childhood allergies. However, relatively few studies have examined factors (e.g., maternal allergy) that may alter breast milk cytokine/ chemokine and IgA levels (2,4,5,8,9). Circumstantial evidence suggests that maternal allergy may be an important factor because a history of maternal asthma, rhinitis, and eczema seems to increase the risk of allergic diseases in infants (10). Studies have reported that mothers with allergic di...

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Section: Articlessupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Articlessupporting

confidence: 87%

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Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

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“…HGF concentrations in human amniotic fluid were measured by specific immunoassays (Luminex, Austin, TX). These analytes were short listed on the basis of known gut epithelial effects and existing of data on expression in amniotic fluid (1,15,19,39). We had initially planned to include insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II measurements but finally decided not to pursue these analytes because rat amniotic fluid was limited in volume and because human amniotic fluid IGF-I and IGF-II levels reported in existing literature (39) were a log-fold lower than the concentrations of HGF we detected in our amniotic fluid samples.…”

Section: Amniotic Fluid Cytokine Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amniotic fluid-borne hepatocyte growth factor protects rat pups against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis

Jain

Baggerman

MohanKumar

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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fluid-borne hepatocyte growth factor protects rat pups against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 306: G361-G369, 2014. First published January 9, 2014; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00272.2013.-Fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid, which contains numerous cytokines and growth factors, plays a key role in gut mucosal development. Preterm birth interrupts this exposure to amniotic fluid-borne growth factors, possibly contributing to the increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants. We hypothesized that supplementation of formula feeds with amniotic fluid can provide amniotic fluid-borne growth factors and prevent experimental NEC in rat pups. We compared NEC-like injury in rat pups fed with infant formula vs. formula supplemented either with 30% amniotic fluid or recombinant hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Cytokines/growth factors in amniotic fluid were measured by immunoassays. Amniotic fluid and HGF effects on enterocyte migration, proliferation, and survival were measured in cultured IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells. Finally, we used an antibody array to investigate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation and immunoblots to measure phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Amniotic fluid supplementation in oral feeds protected rat pups against NEC-like injury. HGF was the most abundant growth factor in rat amniotic fluid in our panel of analytes. Amniotic fluid increased cell migration, proliferation, and cell survival in vitro. These effects were reproduced by HGF and blocked by anti-HGF antibody or a PI3K inhibitor. HGF transactivated several RTKs in IEC6 cells, indicating that its effects extended to multiple signaling pathways. Finally, similar to amniotic fluid, recombinant HGF also reduced the frequency and severity of NEC-like injury in rat pups. Amniotic fluid supplementation protects rat pups against experimental NEC, which is mediated, at least in part, by HGF. amniotic fluid; NEC; HGF; inflammation; phosphoinositide 3-kinase NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC), an inflammatory bowel necrosis of preterm infants, is a leading cause of death among neonates born before 32 wk of gestation or with a birth weight Ͻ1,500 g (20, 27). Although the etiology of NEC remains unclear, epidemiological studies show an association with diverse risk factors such as maternal chorioamnionitis, perinatal asphyxia, indomethacin therapy, viral infections, and blood transfusions (20). Current pathophysiological models suggest that NEC occurs when altered/disrupted epithelial barrier in the preterm intestine allows luminal bacteria to translocate across the epithelial barrier into the lamina propria, triggering a severe mucosal inflammatory response and tissue damage (21).During intrauterine development, the fetus ingests progressively large volumes of amniotic fluid, which contains several cytokines and growth factors known to promote gut mucosal development (19). In the third trimester, the human fetus swallows nearly 550 ml/day amniotic fluid (29, 40). We hypothesiz...

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“…The growth of LBW infant was related with nutrition education on early initiation (Nakao et al, 2008) of breastfeeding, position of the baby and attachment to the breast (Goyal et al, 2011), benefits of breastfeeding (immunological growth) (Agarwal et al, 2011) and increased maternal dietary intake to improve ability for more breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is more appropriate for LBW babies, as it has an impact on the faster growth of the baby (Siva Subramanian et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nutrition education on exclusive breastfeeding for nutritional outcome of low birth weight babies

Thakur¹,

Paul³

et al. 2011

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: Low birth weight (LBW), defined as the body weight at birth of less than 2500 g, is a major public health problem in Bangladesh, where 37% of the babies are born with LBW. The objective of this study is to see the impact of nutrition education on growth of LBW babies with early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding compared to control group. Subjects/Methods: A total of 184 LBW babies and their mothers who attended the Maternal Care and Health Training Institute and Dhaka Medical College Hospital were randomly allocated to either intervention or control group. Enrollment of the study population started in May 2008 and was completed in October 2008. Nutrition education was given to mothers twice weekly for 2 months, on initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h, exclusive breastfeeding and increasing their dietary intake. Nutritional status of LBW babies was assessed for length and weight every 2 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS/Window's version 12.Comparison of mean of data was done using standard Student's t-test. Results: Mean initial body weight and length of LBW babies were similar in both groups (2261 ± 198 g vs 2241 ± 244 g, P ¼ 0.535 and 43.0±1.3 cm vs 43.0±1.7 cm, P ¼ 0.77). Body weight and length of the LBW babies after 2 months increased significantly (3620 ± 229 g vs 3315 ± 301 g, Po0.001 and 50.2 ± 1.3 cm vs 48.7 ± 1.6 cm, Po0.001). It was found that the intervention group suffered less from respiratory illness compared with the control group (39% vs 66%, Po0.001). The rate of early initiation of breastfeeding was also significantly higher with nutrition intervention (59.8% vs 37.2%, Po0.001). Exclusive breastfeeding rate was significantly higher in intervention group (59.8% vs 37%, P ¼ 0.003). Conclusions: The present study showed that weight and length gain of LBW babies significantly increased by breastfeeding and nutrition education. Therefore, nutrition education on breastfeeding proves to be a strong tool to reduce the high risk of malnutrition and mortality of the LBW babies.

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Review: Immune Markers in Breast Milk and Fetal and Maternal Body Fluids: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Concentrations

Cited by 115 publications

References 156 publications

Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

Amniotic fluid-borne hepatocyte growth factor protects rat pups against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis

Effect of nutrition education on exclusive breastfeeding for nutritional outcome of low birth weight babies

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