Review—Latest Trends and Advancement in Porous Carbon for Biowaste Organization and Utilization

Abstract

Bio-derived activated porous carbon is readily used because it exhibits high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, high stability, environment-friendly nature, and easy availability. All of these properties make it a unique and a perfect applicant for energy storage devices. Biowastes such as corncobs, walnut shells, human hair, jute, oil seeds, and bamboo are utilized as precursors in manufacturing porous carbon. The use of bio materials is preferred because of their abundance and biodegradable nature. The production of porous carbon was carried out through pyrolysis with the help of acid, primarily KOH, as the active substance. The ambient temperature for conducting pyrolysis is 400-800oC. Pyrolysis can be either fast or slow, with fast pyrolysis being helpful in most experiments. Food wastes like peels and shells are among the most significant biowaste sources alongside farm waste like rice husks, coconut shells, etc., which are not just waste and can be utilized for sustainable living. The porous carbon is formed from food waste from toxicity reducer in wastewater to for a supercapacitor or a bio anode in a microbial fuel cell. It is oneway sustainable development and is now highly economical. Moreover, in scientific aspects, their validity in a field and lowered expenses in some cases, the benefits of their usage may vary. This paper aims to extensively review all of the research conducted for Bio-waste utilization and its conversion to porous carbon for further use in super capacitance applications

Retracted: Advances in chitosan biopolymer composite materials: from bioengineering, wastewater treatment to agricultural applications

“…It was evident that it may easily create composites with various metals (N 2 , O 2 , Si, etc), compounds (Al 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , etc), carbonaceous materials (biochar, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, activated carbon, etc), and agrowaste (coconut husk, tea, etc). Chitosan's thermal and mechanical stability can be increased by utilizing grafting and cross-linking agents and various biopolymers such as cellulose [147,[154][155][156][157][158][159]. Chitosan derived from chitin can be modified using a variety of synthesis techniques (electrospraying, electrospinning, ionotropic gelation, reverse micelle, and spray drying), allowing it to be used in a variety of fields, including agriculture, biomedical, agro-waste management, water treatment, microbial fuel cells, cosmetics, textiles, paper, and pulp.…”

A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater

“…It is essential to communicate both the merits and demerits of these materials. The potential of CNMs in wastewater treatment is immense, and further research and experiments must be done to exploit them to their full potential [87][88][89].…”

Current Trends and Future Perspectives of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging Application

“…Fabricating CNF (cellulose nanofiber) with brown algae will frame a weak gel-like structure through hydrogen bonds by absorbing the casein micelles. This fabricated CNF can help to thicken the milk [166,167]. Naringinase is an enzyme produced from various microorganisms (mainly by fungal stains) that can reduce the bitterness in grapefruit juice and some citrus fruit juice.…”

“…Then, to look into CNC fermentation in human digestion, CNC may interact with the gut microbiota and impact its metabolism in the distal ileum and colon. Researchers must continue to work on their technological and nutritional characteristic evaluation, safety testing, and, most significantly, the topic of food application regulation [167,[169][170][171][172][173].…”