Review: Lumpy Skin Disease

Mulatu, Endalu; Feyisa, Abdi

doi:10.4172/2157-7579.1000535

Cited by 57 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…LSDV transmission occurs mainly by mechanical vector transmission, which is the primary route of disease propagation. The incidences of disease dramatically increased with the advent of rainy and summer seasons in most endemic countries such as sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and Ethopia, because of the proliferation of vectors (Mulatu and Feyisa 2018). This is in agreement with our results that the outbreak occurred during Mansoon (rainy season in India) which is characterized by very hot and humid conditions making it suitable for vector multiplications and proliferation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Molecular Epidemiology of First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Odisha, India

Sethi

Senapati

Selim

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) which is a member of Capripoxvirus. It is an economically critical transboundary disease affecting cattle. This study records the first LSD incidence in cattle of Ganjam district and analyses data from LSD outbreak in August 2020 on epidemiological and genetic characterization. Out of 452 animals clinically examined (59 farms), 63 animals were clinically affected with LSD, with a total morbidity rate of 13.93%. The morbidity rates in the villages (ten villages) varied from 5.55 to 21.62%. The multivariable logistic regression showed that grazing of animals (P=0.023; OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.09-3.32), and lactation and pregnancy status of animals (P=0.007; OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.32-6.17) were the potential risk factors for the occurrence of lumpy skin disease. Out of 53 clinically suspected animals collected from Ganjam district of Odisha, 18 samples (33.96%) were found positive by PCR for both P32 and F genes of capripox virus. Phylogenetic analysis of P32 gene of LSD (MW147486) showed 100% similarity with other isolates from India, Bangladesh, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of F gene of LSD (MW147485) revealed a similarity of 97.99 %, 97.36%, and 96.60% with, Odisha India (MT074110), Beni Suif Egypt (MN694826) and Marsa Matrouh Egypt (MN699855), respectively.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Molecular Epidemiology of First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Odisha, India

Sethi

Senapati

Selim

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Although histopathological findings of LSDV varied in their characteristics considerably depending on the developmental stage, they can provide a basis for diagnosis [6,37]. In the current study, histopathology of skin nodules showed that most cutaneous lesions were extended throughout all layers of skin and illustrated a profuse hyperkeratosis, acanthosis with marked vacuolation, cloudy swelling of granulocytes in stratum granulosum, and downward hyperplasia of stratum basale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…In Iraq, the first infected foci of LSD were indicated in many regions of Nineveh and Baghdad Provinces in 2013 [5]. However, the causative pathogen transmits mainly by biting insects such as mosquitoes and biting flies which act as vectors and less commonly by direct contact with skin lesions, milk, nasal discharge, saliva, or semen of infected animals [6]. LSD can vary from mild to severe form based on the virus's strain and cattle breed; however, younger cattle are more susceptible and may develop the characteristic lesions within 24-48 h [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and histopathological confirmation of clinically diagnosed lumpy skin disease in cattle, Baghdad Province of Iraq

et al. 2019

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Aim: This study aimed to confirm the clinically diagnosed cattle with lumpy skin disease (LSD) at Baghdad Province/Iraq from October 2018 to March 2019. Materials and Methods: Molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histopathology were applied for the detection of LSD among 71 infected cattle issued for slaughter. Results: Pre-slaughter clinical examination showed significant increases (p<0.05) in values of temperature (39.7±0.74°C), pulse (96.42±3.51), and respiratory (33.54±0.63) rates. Enlargement of lymph nodes (prescapular, supramammary, and prefemoral), lacrimation, mucopurulent nasal discharge, salivation, edema in limbs and head among severe infected cases, and marked fall in milk production was seen. An association of LSD to risk factors (age, gender, and areas) showed that there is significant elevation in prevalence of disease in >2-5 years (54.93%) rather than other age groups (>5 and <2 years) in females (73.24%) than males (26.76%); and in sub-rural (42.25%) and rural (39.44%) compared to urban (18.31%) areas. Postmortem examination appeared nodular lesions in upper parts of the digestive system (9.86%), rumen (2.82%), upper respiratory tracts (7.04%), and lung (4.23%). The PCR examination of P32 and thymidine kinase antigenic genes showed 90.14% and 60.56% positive samples, respectively. Histopathological analysis of nodular skin biopsies showed edema, hyperemia, acanthosis, severe hydropic degeneration, and hyperkeratosis in epidermis; whereas, mononuclear cell infiltration, inclusion bodies, and vasculitis seen in the dermis. Conclusion: PCR and histopathology assay could be a potential method to confirm the LSD infection concomitant with clinical examination.

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“…It is reported that the virus persists in necrotic skin nodules for up to 33 days or longer, in desiccated crusts for up to 35 days and for at least 18 days in air‐dried hides. The virus can be inactivated at a temperature of 55°C for 2 hr and 65°C for 30 min (Mulatu & Feyisa, 2018). The main sources of infection are considered to be skin lesions as the virus persists in the lesions or scabs for long periods.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: A review

Namazi

Khodakaram-Tafti

2021

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

103

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a major threat to stockbreeding, can cause acute or subacute disease in cattle and water buffalo (Givens, 2018;Tuppurainen, Venter, et al., 2017). All ages and breeds of cattle are affected, but especially the young and cattle in the peak of lactation (Tuppurainen et al., 2011). The reason why the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has placed this transboundary disease on the notifiable disease list is due to its significant economic losses and the potential for rapid spread . The recent spread of the disease in disease-free countries indicates the importance of its transmission, as well as control and eradication (Sprygin et al., 2019). Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a double-stranded DNA containing around 150 kilobase pairs (kbp) with relatively large sizes (230-260 nm), enclosed in a lipid envelope and belongs to genus Capripoxvirus, which is genetically related to the sheep pox (SPPV) and goat pox (GTPV) viruses (Bhanuprakash et al., 2006;Buller et al., 2005;Givens, 2018). This virus is the most economically significant in the Poxviridae family affecting domestic ruminants. The capsid or nucleocapsid of the virus is brick or oval shaped containing the genome and lateral bodies. Extensive DNA cross-hybridization between species causes serologic cross-reaction

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Review: Lumpy Skin Disease

Cited by 57 publications

References 33 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Odisha, India

Molecular Epidemiology of First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Odisha, India

Molecular and histopathological confirmation of clinically diagnosed lumpy skin disease in cattle, Baghdad Province of Iraq

Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: A review

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