Review of Achieved Purities after Li-ion Batteries Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Impurities Effects on the Cathode Performance

Nasser, Olimpia A.; Petraniková, Martina

doi:10.3390/batteries7030060

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…High-energy density and long working lifetime are the permanent pursuits for rechargeable batteries [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Currently, rechargeable lithium batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have been commercialized on a large scale, ranging from small electronic devices such as power banks and cameras to large mobile devices such as electric vehicles and aircraft [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Deng

Zhang

2023

Batteries

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Currently, rechargeable lithium batteries are representative of high-energy-density battery systems. Nevertheless, the development of rechargeable lithium batteries is confined by numerous problems, such as anode volume expansion, dendrite growth of lithium metal, separator interface compatibility, and instability of cathode interface, leading to capacity fade and performance degradation of batteries. Since the 21st century, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in energy-related applications owing to their ideal specific surface areas, adjustable pore structures, and targeted design functions. The insulating characteristics of traditional MOFs restrict their application in the field of electrochemistry energy storage. Recently, some teams have broken this bottleneck through the design and synthesis of electron- and proton-conductive MOFs (c-MOFs), indicating excellent charge transport properties, while the chemical and structural advantages of MOFs are still maintained. In this review, we profile the utilization of c-MOFs in several rechargeable lithium batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, Li–S batteries, and Li–air batteries. The preparation methods, conductive mechanisms, experimental and theoretical research of c-MOFs are systematically elucidated and summarized. Finally, in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion, challenges and opportunities can coexist.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Deng

Zhang

2023

Batteries

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“…For hydrometallurgical recycling options, the most significant limitation is a fluctuating input material caused by different cell chemistries of used batteries. Hydrometallurgical processes are susceptible to impurities such as fluorine, chlorine, graphite, and especially phosphorus, often either part of the electrolyte or the active material [16]. Additionally, lithium partly remains in the solvent, not being considered for further recovery due to economic considerations [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of a Pyrometallurgical Process to Efficiently Recover Valuable Metals from Commercially Used Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials LCO, NCA, NMC622, and LFP

Holzer

Wiszniewski

Windisch-Kern

et al. 2022

Metals

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With an ever-growing demand for critical raw materials for the production of lithium-ion batteries and a price increase of respective commodities, an ever louder call from the industry for efficient recycling technologies can be noticed. So far, state-of-the-art industry-scaled pyrometallurgical recycling technologies all suffer from the same bottleneck of lithium slagging. At the Chair of Thermal Processing Technology at Montanuniversitaet Leoben, a novel reactor was developed to recover lithium and phosphorus via the gas phase in a pyrometallurgical process. Critical elements such as Li, Ni, Co, and Mn of the commercially used cathode materials LCO (LiCoO2), LFP (LiFePO4), NCA (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2), and NMC622 (LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2) were analyzed in a batch version of the so-called InduRed reactor concept. The analyses underline that the reactor concept is highly suitable for an efficient recovery for the metals Ni and Co and that slagging of Li can not only be largely prohibited, but the elements lithium and phosphorous can even be recovered from the gas phase. Plant engineering issues were also considered for further development toward a continuous process. The MgO crucible used shows significant diffusion of various elements from the battery material, which is why the choice of crucible material still requires in-depth research.

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“…The active material used in the cathode can vary depending on the manufacturer [3]. The most common compounds of the cathode material are LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, and LiFePO4, among others [5]. On the other hand, the active material commonly used in the anode is graphite [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Carbochlorination Process with Cacl<sub>2</sub> and Water Leaching for the Extraction of Li, Co, and Ni From Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

González¹,

Alcaraz²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The abundant use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in a wide variety of electric devices and vehicles will generate a large number of depleted batteries, which contain several valuable metals such as Li, Co, Mn, and Ni present in the structure of the cathode material (LiMO2). The present work investigates chemical, technological, and environmental aspects in the treatment of such wastes, development of a methodology for the extraction of lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and graphite by a carbochlorination pyrometallurgical process. Mixtures of cathode and anode materials (called black mass, mixed oxides of Li, Co, Ni, Mn, and graphite) from different LIBs, carbon black (as reducing agent), and CaCl2 (as chlorinating agent) were used. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric tests up to 850°C and isothermal tests at 700°C of the mixtures in an inert atmosphere were carried out. It was experimentally observed that the LiMO2-C-CaCl2 reaction takes place at 700°C. LiCl, Ni, and Co were obtained as final products, and to a lesser extent, CoO, NiO, and MnO2. CaCO3 was also obtained as a by-product. The obtained results show that carbochlorination is an efficient and effective alternative route for the extraction and recovery of metals from different LIBs, focused on the sustainability and circular economy

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Review of Achieved Purities after Li-ion Batteries Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Impurities Effects on the Cathode Performance

Cited by 28 publications

References 31 publications

Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Optimization of a Pyrometallurgical Process to Efficiently Recover Valuable Metals from Commercially Used Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials LCO, NCA, NMC622, and LFP

Study of the Carbochlorination Process with Cacl<sub>2</sub> and Water Leaching for the Extraction of Li, Co, and Ni From Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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