Review of adsorptive desulfurization process: Overview of the non-carbonaceous materials, mechanism and synthesis strategies

Heterogeneous Catalysts Containing an Anderson-Type Polyoxometalate for the Aerobic Oxidation of Sulfur-Containing Compounds

“…However, since an increasing part of the produced crude oil is of the heavy variety, there is a significant increase in the content of condensed thiophene derivatives, for which the hydrodesulfurization technology becomes ineffective, especially for dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its alkyl derivatives. , To increase the rate of hydrogenolysis of heteroaromatic compounds, the parameters of the process are tightened, including an increase in temperature and pressure in conjunction with the supply of excess hydrogen. This approach makes the hydrotreating technology unprofitable; therefore, special attention is paid to the development of alternative hydrogen-free desulfurization methods, including adsorptive desulfurization, , extraction desulfurization, , biodesulfurization, , and oxidative desulfurization. , The latter technique is considered the most promising one, because it can effectively cope with difficult sulfur compounds under relatively mild conditions (temperatures up to 150 °C, atmospheric pressure). This method is based on the oxidation of organosulfur compounds in the presence of an oxidizing agent and a catalyst to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones, followed by the removal of the polar products by simple adsorption or extraction methods.…”

“…6,7 To increase the rate of hydrogenolysis of heteroaromatic compounds, the parameters of the process are tightened, including an increase in temperature and pressure in conjunction with the supply of excess hydrogen. This approach makes the hydrotreating technology unprofitable; therefore, special attention is paid to the development of alternative hydrogen-free desulfurization methods, including adsorptive desulfurization, 8,9 extraction desulfurization, 10,11 biodesulfurization, 12,13 and oxidative desulfurization. 14,15 The latter technique is considered the most promising one, because it can effectively cope with difficult sulfur compounds under relatively mild conditions (temperatures up to 150 °C, atmospheric pressure).…”

Ag Atom Anchored on Defective Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets As Single Atom Adsorbents for Enhanced Adsorptive Desulfurization via S-Ag Bonds

“…To date, metal-organic frameworks as adsorbents have been applied in the field of ADS for the rich pore structure and large specific surface area [18][19][20]. Metal elements are responsible for the strong S-M interactions with S atoms in THs, which is attributed to the lone-pair electrons of S atoms interacting with s orbitals in metals [21].…”

Metal-Free Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuels─A Review

“…While effective measures are being deployed and reviewed regularly in the developed countries, the developing countries have not been able to meet the demand of the international regulatory bodies, such as the European Emission Standard, for sulfur-free fuel . With the recent gradual reinforcement of stringent sulfur limit regulations in some developing countries, the scarcity of sweet (low-sulfur) crude oil, and the increasing demand for crude oil energy, as shown in Figure a, refineries in these regions will have to upgrade their hydrotreating units to accommodate the low-sulfur-level requirement or adopt other sulfur removal techniques as well-documented complementary sulfur removal technologies, such as adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), , biodesulfurization (BDS), , supercritical water-based desulfurization (SBD), , and oxidative desulfurization (ODS). , Sulfur in fuel commonly exists in the form of thiols (alkyl or other organic substituent), organic disulfide, thiophene, derivatives, etc., and these organosulfur components have been arranged in Figure b according to their ease of removal, with the arene-containing compounds occupying the region of desulfurization resistance, hence described as refractory organosulfur compounds. Accordingly, the quest for effective desulfurization techniques for high-sulfur-containing fuels has become an interesting topic among researchers in recent times.…”