Review of Anesthetic Protocols in Andean Bears (Tremarctos Ornatus), Sloth Bears (Melursus Ursinus), and Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) at the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park, 1995–2016

McEntire, Michael S.; Hope, Katharine; Hayek, Lee‐Ann C.; Siegal-Willott, Jessica L.

doi:10.1638/2018-0165

Cited by 3 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Dexmedetomidine-premedicated captive Asiatic black bears showed similar HR values (66 bpm) [7] in comparison to the spectacled bears of this report (70 bpm), whereas grizzly bears are considered to present bradycardia at HR below 50 bpm [10]. Spectacled bears under tiletamine-zolazepam-based protocols also exhibited HR values in a similar range to that observed in the present report (64 -71 bpm) [20]. One should note that cardiovascular variables were first recorded approximately 50 min following initial darting.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The combination of tiletaminezolazepam and dexmedetomidine at the doses of this report provided good muscle relaxation and allowed safe handling the bears. The onset of immobilization from the last darting (< 10 min) was similar to that reported for spectacled bears anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine (8 min) [20]. Brief onsets of immobilization augment the safety of wildlife procedures because it enables an early approach and anesthetic monitoring [1].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Dexmedetomidine probably improved muscle relaxation and reduced tiletamine-zolazepam requirements for immobilization, since doses were at least twice as low in comparison to doses of tiletamine-zolazepam alone described in captive [2] and in free-ranging bears [3]. A recent review on spectacled bear anesthesia revealed that tiletamine-zolazepam (1.5 mg/kg), ketamine (1.9 mg/kg) and medetomidine (15 µg/kg) were the most commonly reported combinations for chemical restraint, yet 48% of animals required supplemental injections for proper immobilization [20]. Despite the higher doses of tiletamine-zolazepam reported here (mean 4.1 mg/kg), the combination with dexmedetomidine resulted in a reliable chemical restraint without adverse effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All bear species must undergo chemical restraint followed or not by general anesthesia for wildlife management or for ordinary care in zoo practices [5]. Likewise the majority of wild species, the scientific literature on bear anesthesia has mainly focused on describing out-of-hospital chemical restraint protocols for non-invasive procedures [2][3][4][5][6][7][10][11][12][13]22,25], with few studies addressing general anesthesia and advanced monitoring in ursids [15,20,24]. Although chemical immobilization has been described for polar [2], brown [3,5,[10][11][12][13]25], black [4,7], and sun bears [22], anesthesia in Tremarctos ornatus is still in its infancy [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise the majority of wild species, the scientific literature on bear anesthesia has mainly focused on describing out-of-hospital chemical restraint protocols for non-invasive procedures [2][3][4][5][6][7][10][11][12][13]22,25], with few studies addressing general anesthesia and advanced monitoring in ursids [15,20,24]. Although chemical immobilization has been described for polar [2], brown [3,5,[10][11][12][13]25], black [4,7], and sun bears [22], anesthesia in Tremarctos ornatus is still in its infancy [20]. Inasmuch as the threats to native populations of spectacled bears have grown in recent years, there is an increased need to develop safe anesthetic combinations and monitoring in this species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Followed by Inhalant Anesthesia in Spectacled Bears (Tremarctos ornatus)

Garófalo

Justo

Araújo

et al. 2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only bear species inhabiting South America and is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Among the few publications on the use of general anesthesia and advanced monitoring of ursids in veterinary hospital settings, little is described regarding chemical restraint, general anesthesia and monitoring of spectacled bears. This case series describes the use of a dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam chemical restraint combination and its effects on cardiorespiratory variables and arterial blood gases observed in two spectacled bears submitted to isoflurane anesthesia for imaging and/or surgical procedures.Cases: Two female, one adult and one senile, all-term captive spectacled bears were referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Botucatu campus, both with a presumable history of recent trauma. After immobilization with an intramuscular (IM) administration of tiletamine-zolazepam (3.8 - 4.3 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (6.4 - 7.6 µg/kg), anesthesia induction was achieved by means of intravenous (IV) propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg). The patients then underwent isoflurane inhalant anesthesia and were submitted to intermittent positive-pressure ventilation through the remainder of the procedures. Initial settings of inspiratory flow rate were adjusted to obtain Ppeak of 10 cmH2O and tidal volumes (Vt) of 10 mL/kg, as well as respiratory rates (ƒR)and inspiration-to-expiration (I:E) ratio of 10 breaths/min and 1:2, respectively, and were then adjusted throughout anesthesia to maintain normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations between35 and 45 mmHg). One of the individuals was chemically restrained (6.4 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam and 7.7 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine) on a second anesthetic event for imaging procedures. Arterial blood gas analysis were performed with the subjects breathing room air and oxygen-enriched air. Both animals exhibited severe hypoxemia (partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] < 60 mmHg) while breathing room air (inspired oxygen fraction [FiO2] ≅ 0.21). An impaired blood oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2 < 400) was still observed despite mechanical ventilation and the provision of 1.0 FiO2. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers (3 sequential mechanical sights with peak airway pressure at 20 - 30 cmH2O during 15 - 30 s each) were then performed, which resulted in improved PaO2/FiO2 ratios. All other blood gas, electrolytes and acid-base variables did not appear to be importantly altered by chemical restraint and general anesthesia.Discussion: Dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam resulted in reliable chemical restraints and is a feasible option for immobilizing spectacled bears, though severe hypoxemia may proceed. Hypoxemia is the most commonly described complication in bear anesthesia, and was also evidenced in the current report. However, low PaO2/FiO2 ratios tend to be accompanied by hypercapnia and therefore counteracted by oxygen supplementation in bears, which was not observed in the present report. In fact, blood oxygenation only reached regular values after alveolar recruitment maneuvers, which is compatible to an atelectasis-related hypoxemia. Therefore, either inhalant anesthesia or field chemical restraint should be accompanied by advanced monitoring (cardiorespiratory variables and blood gas analysis) in until further studies address the management of hypoxemia in spectacled bear. since Advanced monitoring was of major importance for a safe outcome and an uneventful recovery in this species.Keywords: balanced anesthesia, dexmedetomidine, general anesthesia, spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus, wildlife.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Followed by Inhalant Anesthesia in Spectacled Bears (Tremarctos ornatus)

Garófalo

Justo

Araújo

et al. 2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Anesthetic protocol using propofol and isoflurane in spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)

Pereira Júnior,

Macêdo,

Henrique

et al. 2023

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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The management of wild animals generally requires chemical containment with the use of sedatives, tranquilizers, general anesthetics or dissociative drugs. The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only member of the family Ursidae characteristic of South America. There are few reports on the main anesthetic protocols used in this specie. The aim of the present study was to report the use of propofol and isoflurane in a captive spectacled bear, after sedation with tiletamine-zolazepam. A male bear approximately 15 years old and 264 lb (scale weight) underwent anesthesia for treatment of a recurrent ulcerated wound on the neck. A combination of tiletamine and zolazepam injected intramuscularly was initially used. Due to the need to prolong the anesthetic time, the decision was made to administer propofol 1% (4.0 mg/kg/IV), which proved satisfactory regarding the inhibition of eyelid and laryngotracheal reflexes, thereby facilitating tracheal intubation. The subsequent use of isoflurane provided adequate maintenance of anesthesia, with vital signs within the normal range for the species, but there was hyperthermia. Based on the present findings, the use of tiletamine/zolazepam, propofol and isoflurane proved satisfactory and the doses employed were safe for the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Inhalation anesthesia was essential to prolonging the time and maintaining safety throughout the procedure.

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Anesthesia in Captive Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) With Medetomidine-Ketamine

Bouts,

Taylor,

et al. 2024

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Review of Anesthetic Protocols in Andean Bears (Tremarctos Ornatus), Sloth Bears (Melursus Ursinus), and Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) at the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park, 1995–2016

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Followed by Inhalant Anesthesia in Spectacled Bears (Tremarctos ornatus)

Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Followed by Inhalant Anesthesia in Spectacled Bears (Tremarctos ornatus)

Anesthetic protocol using propofol and isoflurane in spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)

Anesthesia in Captive Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) With Medetomidine-Ketamine

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