Review of balsa core sandwich composite structures

Galos, Joel; Das, Raj; Sutcliffe, M.P.F.; Mouritz, A.P.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111013

Cited by 44 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 204 publications

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“…A detailed review of sandwich structure with a wood-based core, on the basis of balsa wood core, is presented by Galos et al [ 10 ]. Overall, the state-of-the-art of sandwich structures is presented in [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical, Theoretical, and Experimental Analysis of LVL-CFRP Sandwich Structure

Bakalarz,

Kossakowski

2023

Materials

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Optimization of structural elements via composition of different components is a significant scientific and practical point-of-view problem aimed at obtaining more economical and environmentally friendly solutions. This paper presents the results of a static work analysis of small-size laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams reinforced by a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheet. The nominal dimensions of LVL beams were 45 × 45 × 850 mm, and 0.333- and 0.666-mm thick reinforcement layers were used. The reinforcement was applied on opposite sides of the cross section obtaining a sandwich-type structure. An epoxy resin was used as a bonding layer. The bending tests were conducted in the so-called four-point bending static scheme in edgewise and flatwise conditions. The results of experimental tests confirmed the validity of this combination of materials. The highest load-bearing capacity was obtained for configuration, where CFRP sheets with a thickness of 0.666 mm were placed on the sides of the core, parallel to the direction of loading and the veneer’s grain in the core. The increase in this case was up to a maximum of 57% compared to the core alone. The highest bending stiffness increase, 182% compared to the core alone, involves placing two layers of sheets perpendicular to the direction of loading, i.e., on the upper and lower surfaces. The presented novel sandwich structure can be competitive against traditional steel and reinforced concrete elements in civil engineering and can be utilized as beams or slabs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical, Theoretical, and Experimental Analysis of LVL-CFRP Sandwich Structure

Bakalarz,

Kossakowski

2023

Materials

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“…1,2 Porous foam materials are also one of the most common core materials in sandwich composite structures. 3,4 Polyurethane foam, as one of the earliest researched and most widely used and most successful porous structure, has received extensive interest and in-depth research. 5 With the further studies of foam applications, higher performance requirements are sought for foam, to obtain better mechanical properties, physical properties, chemical properties, and acoustic properties to better meet the needs of production applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new modelling method for open cell foam structure based on centroidal and capacity constraint power diagram

Zhou,

Yang,

Shen

et al. 2024

Jnl of Sandwich Structures & Materials

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To efficiently establish a finite element model that is highly compatible with the intricate microstructure of foam materials, this study carries out simulation and experimental investigations into open cell foams and explores their compression behavior assuming isotropy. Using an in-house algorithm, we optimize the traditional power diagram model, which is widely used in foam finite element simulation. Specifically, a parameterized geometric foam model is developed based on the centroidal and capacity constrained power diagram (CCCPD), which accurately reflects the internal meso-structure of foam materials. The optimized foam model can restore the typical deformation process of foams under compressive load, thus addressing the limitations of existing foam models. The accuracy of the optimized model is validated by conducting uniaxial Quasi-static compression experiments on foamed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material and comparing the experimental results of the 3D printing model with the simulation results of the optimized model. The improved foam model serves as a basis for future research on open cell foam materials.

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“…It is characterized by low density, high porosity, and rapid growth. Its superior axial stiffness, strength, and energy absorption make it one of the most attractive core materials [14,15]. Due to its low lignin content and rich pore structure, balsa is often used in the construction of wood-based elastomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Mechanical Strength, Flexible and Stretchable Wood-Based Elastomers without Chemical Cross-Linking

Zhang,

Li,

et al. 2024

Forests

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Wood exhibits a limited elastic deformation capacity under external forces due to its small range of elastic limit, which restricts its widespread use as an elastic material. This study presents the development of a stretchable wood-based elastomer (SWE) that is highly mechanical and flexible, achieved without the use of chemical cross-linking. Balsa wood was utilized as a raw material, which was chemically pretreated to remove the majority of the lignin and create a more abundant pore structure, while exposing the active hydroxyl groups on the cellulose surface. The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was impregnated into delignified wood, resulting in the formation of a cross-linked structure through multiple freeze–thaw cycles. After eight cycles, the tensile strength in the longitudinal direction reached up to 25.68 MPa with a strain of ~463%. This excellent mechanical strength is superior to that of most wood-based elastomers reported to date. The SWE can also perform complex deformations such as winding and knotting, and SWE soaked in salt solution exhibits excellent sensing characteristics and can be used to detect human finger bending. Stretchable wood-based elastomers with high mechanical strength and toughness have potential future applications in biomedicine, flexible electronics, and other fields.

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Review of balsa core sandwich composite structures

Cited by 44 publications

References 204 publications

Numerical, Theoretical, and Experimental Analysis of LVL-CFRP Sandwich Structure

Numerical, Theoretical, and Experimental Analysis of LVL-CFRP Sandwich Structure

A new modelling method for open cell foam structure based on centroidal and capacity constraint power diagram

Highly Mechanical Strength, Flexible and Stretchable Wood-Based Elastomers without Chemical Cross-Linking

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