Review of Battery Cell Balancing Methodologies for Optimizing Battery Pack Performance in Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Batteries are gaining entry into every home and office for they are widely used because of their variant benefits. However, these batteries are prone to failure caused by charge imbalance in the batteries connected in either series or parallel, which can sometimes be catastrophic and hence they require to be properly monitored in a real-time manner. There exist many battery balancing schemes which are broadly grouped into either passive or active schemes. All these schemes have their own advantages and disadvantages, and hence it is upon the user to decide on which scheme will best work for them. However, research has proven that the hybrid scheme will be the best as it couples the benefits of all schemes. This study will review the various battery cell balancing methodologies and evaluate their relationship with battery performance. At present there are a few studies tackling the mechanical vibration of battery balancing performance. This study shows that battery balancing performance during long-term should be evaluated from various temperature and vibration frequencies.INDEX TERMS Battery cell balancing, electric vehicles, hybrid schemes, and performance optimization.

Hybrid Micro-Grids Exploiting Renewables Sources, Battery Energy Storages, and Bi-Directional Converters

“…Therefore, the BMS must be able to limit or even interrupt the battery current when a potentially dangerous situation is detected. Moreover, the BMS is required to carry out other more advanced functions, such as the charge balancing between the cells to compensate possible mismatches, the estimate of the residual charge available in the battery, the estimate of the state of health of the battery cells, and to perform all the diagnostic functions useful to reveal the battery status and prolong battery life [53]. The battery temperature management is another task in charge of a BMS, usually carried out by activating fans for the battery cooling or even heaters, when the battery operates at very low temperatures and needs to be pre-heated before being fully operational.…”

Evaluation and Comparative Study of Cell Balancing Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles

“…The cell balancing system used in EVs typically involves three modes of operation as shown in Fig. 1 (Omariba et al, 2019).…”

Overview of cell balancing methods for Li‐ion battery technology

“…In Li‐ion battery pack the cells never absolutely indistinguishable because of the environmental conditions, fabrication procedure, and contrasts between the cells if measurements are taken inappropriate manner. For a superior battery framework, the battery cells ought to be continuously equalized to keep up the difference between the cells as little as could be expected under the circumstances 4,5 . Hence, without a suitable equalizing system, the individual cell voltages will vary overtime and battery capacity will diminish rapidly.…”